Ions in solids and

solutions.
CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1
 Ions in ionic solids.
Cl-

Na+

- + -
+ - +
- + -
 Ions in solution. δ+
δ-

δ+ Hydrated ions δ-

- +

δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+
δ+

δ-
δ-

δ+ δ-

δ- Most δ+
electronegative
Polar
Oδ-
O δ- molecules

HHδ+ HHδ+
δ+
Dissolving.
 δ-
δ- δ-
δ-

δ+
δ-
Some δ+
δ+ δ+
Some

δ-
bonds δ-
δ+
δ+
bonds δ+
δ- δ-
made broken δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+

δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-

δ+
δ-

δ-
δ- δ-

δ+ - + - δ+ δ-
δ+
δ-
δ-

+ - + δ+ δ+
δ-
δ+

- + - δ- δ-
δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+
Some Some
bonds bonds
broken made

- + -
+ - +

- + -
 Some
bonds
made -

- +

+ - +
Some
- + - bonds
broken
 Some
Dissolving. Some
bonds
bonds made
broken

Endothermic Exothermic
 -
+ -
What is this?

- ΔHLE
+ + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
- +
 What is this?

ΔHLE
- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
- + - ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
 Exo or endo?

- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE
- + -
 What is this?
- + -
+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
 Exo or endo?
- + -
+ - +

- + -
ΔHhyd(an)
 -
What is this?
- +

+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
 -
Exo or endo?
- +

+ - +

- + - ΔHhyd(cat)
 Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an) y
 Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Endo
 Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH
hyd(cat) t
-ΔH LE
ΔH
hyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔH
solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Won’t dissolve y
Endo
 Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Exo
 Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Will dissolve y
Exo
 Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH t
hyd(cat)

-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an)h
a
Solution
Solute + solvent l
ΔH
p
solution

May dissolve y
Slightly endo
Entropy!
 Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7)
Ion Ionic Water
radius molecules
attached
+
Na+ 0.098nm 5
2,8,8

Mg2+ 15
2,8,8
0.078nm
2+
Al3+ 0.057nm 26
2,8,8