Is this your room/

Then you already know

about entropy
Using a simple approach,
Define entropy as a measure of disorder.
A system (such as a room) is in a state of high entropy when its
degree of disorder is high.
As the order within a system increases, its entropy decreases.
A system (such as a room) is in a state of high entropy when
its degree of disorder is high.

For better or for

worse, nature 'likes'
chaos, disorder, high
entropy... In fact,
much of our life
consists in fighting this
disorder!
 220 ways to arrange?

This can be explained in terms of probabilities. Disordered states are

simply more likely to exist (or emerge) than ordered states. The
spontaneous direction of change is from a less probable to a more
probable state, as illustrated above.
 In general
• Gases have higher entropies than liquids.
• Liquids have higher entropies than solids.
 Also …
• Entropy is greater for larger atoms.
• Entropy is greater for molecules with more
atoms.
 Examples
• Ar has higher entropy than Ne as Ar
molecules are larger.
• C8H18(l) has higher entropy than C5H12(l) as
complex molecules have higher entropy
than simple ones.
• Br2(g) has higher entropy than Br2(l) as gases
have higher entropies than liquids since
gases have more ways of being arranged
 Entropy (CI 4.3)
• Liquids mix because there are more ways of being
mixed than unmixed.
• i.e. disorder increases.
• Note that: not all liquids mix; e.g. water does not
mix with oil, because the forces of attraction
between water molecules are stronger than the
forces of attraction between oil molecules
  they do not mix They are immiscible
 On to CI 4.4
• AS – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways particles can be arranged.
• A2 – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways quanta (packages of energy) can be
arranged.
 What happens to electrons?

• Electrons absorb quanta of energy

• Electrons are excited
• Electrons move to higher energy level 1
• E=hv 2
43
Molecules are made of more than
one atom but they still have
electrons.
• Electronic
transitions
Vis + UV
Molecules move !
There are vibrational energy levels
as well as electronic energy level ..

I.R.
There are rotational energy levels as
well as electronic energy level ..

microwave
• Rotational • Electronic
transitions transitions
Microwave Vis + UV

I.R.
• Vibrational
transitions
E V R T
E V R T
 On to CI 4.4
• AS – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways particles can be arranged.
• A2 – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways quanta (packages of energy) can be
arranged.
 4 quanta – 2 molecules
5 ways
Molecule 1 Molecule 2
0 4
1 3
2 2
3 1
4 0
More 6 quanta – 2 molecules?
57
quanta more ways

Molecule 1 Molecule 2
 4 quanta – 2 molecules
5 ways
Molecule 1 Molecule 2
0 4
1 3
2 2
3 1
4 0
 5  15
More
molecules
4 quanta – 3 molecules More ways

Molecule 1 Molecule 2 Molecule 3

 On to CI 4.4
• AS – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways particles can be arranged.
• A2 – entropy is a measure of the number of
ways quanta (packages of energy) can be
arranged.
• Entropy greater if more quanta (heat it)
• Entropy greater if more molecules
Bigger atoms/molecules have more
entropy?
 E V R T

E V R T
E V R T