Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
What is Psychology
Psychoylogy is the science which defines human
behavior and human cognitive functions scientifically.
Animals also have psychologies. ( they think ,dream etc).
Behaviors are main topics.
How we lough ,become angry or feel happy.
Branches of psychology
Clinical psychology
School psychology
Counselling psychology
ndustrial psychology
Experimental psychology
Social psychology
Developmental psychology
Psychometric psychology
Forerunners of psychology
Wundt-introspection
Freud ego
Watson-behavior
Adler- self psyc
Jung-collec sub con.
Erich Fromm - Environment family.
Wundt Psychology
Focused on perception of sensations,
According to him human pschology was ones
conciousness about the surrounding.
Colour vision perception
Tactile perception
Time perception
He defined the method of ntrospection in which one
was feeling the events ,than lived the events, than make
some assumptions about what he has done.
He worked on reaction time and related perceptions.He
also calculated reaction time duration under different
circumstances.
Freud Psychology
He lived during 1856-1939,
He proposed the theories of Psyhoanalytical psychiatry,
n this psyhoanalytical psychiatry ,Freud worked mainly on
subconciousness,
According to him these subconcious material was
resulting in specific human behaviors,
Humans ego was in the need of continuos gratification
need.
Repressed material to subconcious results in our
involuntary movementes ,stammerings, stutterings
speeches and dreams
His theories mainly based on id- ego and superego
dynamics.
Watson Psychology
According to him psychology was human behaviors Heredity does not have adequate effects on human
behaviors,
Human behaviors are regulated by the environment.
Hereditary characters and insincts were not so important
To him all behaviors must be fully measurable
Test groups must be evaluated objectively and their
evaluations must be considered with control groups.
Watson psychology was named under Behavioral
psychology.
Adler Psychology
His theories are mainly based on one superiority
His proposals are that ego always wants to be superior
in the environment
This feeling of superiority sometimes motivates the
behavior but sometimes if expectations are to much ,
this can cause some disasters in ones living
So expectations must be in balance
Frontal lobe
t regulates the sensory and motor inputs and makes the associations
between them
Prefrontal Korteks
Prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
t regulates the conditioned reflexes
Prefrontal korteks
Parietal lobe
t colects the sensory inputs from the body or from the environment
t makes resolutions about their meanings
t gathers the input from the surrounding together
t gives a rational meaning to them
t stores the knowledge about them
t controls the executive functions of the frontal lobe and executes them in a
rational way
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe is mainly related with visual signals from the surrounding, and
visual signals project to the calcarine fissure which is on the occipital lobe,
Occipital lobe is important ,it makes associations between the speech and
object relations
Cerebral cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Makes regulations between the inputs from the surrounding so the persons
behavior will be socially adaptive. This is called Regulations of the insight.
t measures the signals from the surrounding and also decides their probable
end results or the risk of the situation.
Basal ganglia
Wilson disease
Parkinsons disease
Huntingtons chorea
Sydenhams chorea
schizophrenia
Thalamus
Perseverations
rrelevant speech content
Apathy
Amnestic states
Personality disorders
Disordered executive functions
Denial
Aphasic conditions
Schizophrenia
Orbitofrontal Korteks
Hypocampus
Hypocampus
Limbic lobe
Amygdala
nsula
Gyrus Cingulus
Gyrus Cinguli
t evaluates the sensory and affective values of the stimuli from the
surrounding, whether it gives pleasure or discomfort to the person,
Fear
Euphoric states
Depression
Sexuality
Agression
Septum
Serebellum
t controls and regulates the motor activity of the muscles
t is related in equilibrium of the body in various places
Equilibrium disturbances are;
Loss in synergic movements is called ataxic movement
Tremor and hypotonic states are due to its pathology
Nystagmus is a repated eye movement, it and means horizontal or vertical
involuntary eye movements
Motor speech disturbances are frequent
Abnormal pusture in a person is related to serebeller pathology.
Regulates conditioning
mportant in time perception
Learning is under its control
Cognitive affection is under its regulatory control
Also thinking is disturbed which we call dismetric thinking,
Brain stem
Cranial nerves originate from this area.So its pathology results in
cranial nerve palsies
Vital regulatory centers are also located here.mportant ones are;
Respiratory center,
Cardiac regulatory center ( pulse rate ),
Blood pessure center,
Center related to eye movements,
Centers related to gastric and cardiac movement,
Ascendant motor and sensorial nerves pass through this area,so
pathology which is present here disturbs the passage of the motor
and sensorial nerve signals to the above brain areas
Arrousal center which we call formatio reticularis is very close to this
area
Nervous system
Neuron is made up from
a-soma
b-dendrites
c-axon
d-terminal button
Synapse
Neurotransmitter (Ach Col,NE,Dopa,Ser,GABA,GL
Neuropeptide
Substance P
Parts of a neuron
1.
Soma
2.
Axon
3-
Dendrites
Parts of a neuron
4-
Terminal button
They resemble the end part of the axon and have some vesicles in which
neurotransmitters are deposited
They are the end part of the neuron.
5-
Ranvier nodes
They are at the end of the myelin coated nodes on the axon.
Signals transfer on them by one node to another node in which the
velocity of signal transduction is increased
This myelin and Ranvier Nodes increase the signal velocity
f there is no myelin coat ( unmyelinated fibres) velocity is slow
6-
Synaptic cleft
Parts of a neuron
7-Receptor
Neurotransmitters
1.
Excitatory neurotransmitters;
Acethylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Seratonin
Glutamic acid
nhibitory neurotnansmitters
Gama amino butyric acid - G A B A,
Glycine ( inhibitor in the medulla spinalis)
Neuropeptides
1.
2-
Opioid peptides
Encephalines (leu encephaline-met encephalines)
Beta endorphines
Dynorphines
Substance P
Opioid peptides block their receptors
3-
Acupuncture
4-
Placebo effects
Neural impulse
When the neuron is at rest its potential is called the resting potential.nside
and outside difference is 70mv.
Action potential
Nervous System
Peripheric nervous system
Brain
Forebrain
Medulla spinalis
midbrain
a-serebral
korteks
b-limbic lobe
c-bazal ganglia
d-Thalamus
e-hypothalamus
hindbrain
Servical8,
Thoracal 12
Lomber 5
Sacral5
Cocygeal 1
a-serebellum
a-colliculus
nferior,
b-colliculus
Superior,
b-Pons
c-medulla
oblongata
Somatic nervous
system
Autonomic
Nervous
system
a-Sympathetic
nervous system
b-parasympathetic
Nervous system
Talamus: Projection center of all sensory fibres directs stimuli and keeps them
alive in the brain Anterior,midline,lateral and posterior nucleus have different
functions.
Hypothalamus:related to the endorcrine functions of the brain and it is formed
by mamillary corpuscles,tuber cinerium,infundibulum,optic chiasm.
Limbic lobe: t is related to affections,fear ,anger and smell taste. t regulates
the emotional living.
Hypocampus: t is a memory deposit,alsa vigilanceanxiety and stress
regulations are made from this center.
Amygdala=Related to emotional interactions Placidity,rage impulsion,etc.
Gyrus cinguli: regulates sexual relations and motivates getting pleasure
Septum:regulates emotions and conditioned reflexes and conditioned fear
behaviors
Bulbus olfactorius=related to smell taste
Bazal ganglia= related to involuntary movements regulation.
Serebral cortex : frontal,temporal,parietal and occipital lobes
Central fissuri( Rolando),lateral fissure ( Sylvius) and parieto occipital fissure
Nervous system
A C.N.S
Brain ( forebrain,mid,hind brain)
Medulla spinalis , 31 seg.
B-Peripheric nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Autonomous nervous system
Sympathetic-Parasympathetic n.s.
Stimulates with
Parasympathetic N S
Preganglioner stimulant = Acethylcholine
Postsempathetic stimulant= Acethycholine
Sympathetic N S
Preganglionic = acethylcholine
postsempathetic= norepinephrine
Blockers
Parasympathetic blockers
Muscarinic receptors = Atropine
Nicotinic receptors = = Nicotine
Sympathetic blockers
-alfa receptors are blocked isoprotorenol,
-beta receptors are blocked by propranolol.
Reflex arc
Stimulus
Afferent fibres - posterior root -sensory,
Center
- medulla spinalis,
Efferent fibres - anterior root - motor,
End organ Mostly muscle or a salivary
gland.
Reaction
Brain has prior knowledge about the red light and makes decision
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic lobe amygdala and hippocampus
septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli
bulbus olfoctorius
Bazal ganglia nuc.striatum, nuc. caudatus
Motor areas
Primary motor area ( Area 4): nfront of the sulcus centralis. ContainsBetz
piramidal cells.Regulates the movements of the contrlaterale voluntary
movements of the scelatal muscles. Regulates head and eye movements.
Stimulation can cause Jacksonian type epeleptic fits.
Premotor area (Area 6) :Regulates the involuntary movements. n
pathological states some extrapyramidal symptoms are seen like parknson,
dystonia etc
Primary sensorial projection cortex (Area 3-1-2) : Regulates the feelings and
sensations from the contrlateral muscles ,joints,skin and tendons. Cortical
taste area is in the Sylvius fissure.
Primary visual area ( Area 17): t is in the occipital lobe. Regulates vision.
Primary hearing area ( Area 41) : Area is stimulated by the fibres from
cochlea. All fibres from cochlea stimulates specific points , so one can
differentiate the tone of a noise.
Smell area : t is in the temporal lobe ( Uncus ).
Association areas:Regulates high cortical functions like cognitions and
conditioned reflexes.