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= The 1G, or First Generation. 1G was an analog system, and

was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major
improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor,
and the digital transform of the control link between the
phone and the cell site.
1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key
improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the
microprocessor and the digitization of the control link
between the mobile phone and the cell site.
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by
the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows
users to make voice calls in 1 country
 Æ
 



= ÆG phones using global system for mobile communications (GSM)

were first used in the early 1990s in Europe. GSM provides voice and
limited data services, and uses digital modulation for improved audio
quality.

= Multiple digital systems. The development of ÆG cellular systems was

driven by the need to improve transmission quality, system capacity,
and coverage Speech transmission still dominates
= the airways, but the demand for fax, short message, and data
transmission is growing rapidly.

= ÆG cellular systems include GSM, digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code-

division multiple access (CDMA), and personal digital communication
(PDC).
ë
 
= The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to ÆG phones by
allowing video, audio, and graphics applications. Over 3G
phones, you can watch streaming video or have video telephony.

= The idea behind 3G is to have a single network standard instead

of the different types adopted in the US, Europe, and Asia.
Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-Æ000, will sustain
higher data rates and open the door to many Internet style
applications.

= The main characteristics of IMT-Æ000 3G systems are:

1. A single family of compatible standards that can be used
worldwide for all mobile applications.
Æ. Support for both packet-switched and circuit-switched data
transmission.
3. Data rates up to Æ Mbps (depending on mobility).
4. High spectrum efficiency.

Poor voice quality, Poor battery life, Large phone size, No
security, frequent call drops, Limited capacity and poor
handoff reliability.

Æ The GSM is a circuit switched, connection oriented technology,

where the end systems are dedicated for the entire call
session. This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth and
resources. The GSM-enabled systems do not support high data
rates. They are unable to handle complex data such as video.

 1.High bandwidth requirement.

High spectrum licensing fees.
Huge capital.
 Y



For 1 and ÆG standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 kbit/sec, This is

approximately 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated services digital
network). Rates did increase by a factor of 3 with newer handsets to
Æ . kbps. This is rarely the speed though, as in crowded areas, when the
network is busy, rates do drop dramatically

Third generation mobile, data rates are 3 4 kbps (download)

maximum, typically around Æ00kbps, and 64kbps upload.
‡ Fourth generation mobile communications will have higher data
transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are
planned to be up to 100 megabits per second on the move and
1000gigbits per second stationary, this is a phenomenal amount of
bandwidth, only comparable to the bandwidth workstations get
connected directly to a LAN.
Õ
   

  

= Machine-to-machine transmission will involve

two basic equipment types:
ñ sensors (which measure parameters) and
ñ tags (which are generally read/write equipment).

= ey infrastructure design requirements include:

fast response, high session rate, high capacity,
low user charges and simple autonomous
terminals.
Õ
   

  



= Many technologies are competing on the road to 4G,

ñ The first is the 3G-centric path, in which Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA)

ñ The second path is the radio LAN ,

Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN).

ñ A third path is IEEE 0Æ.16e and 0Æ.Æ0, which are

simpler than 3G for the equivalent performance
MULTIPLE OVERLAY ARCHITECTURE
= How can an operator provide a large number of
users with high session data rates using its
existing infrastructure?
ñparent coverage
ñPico-cell coverage
-.- / 00

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PICO CELL NETWORK DESIGN
 Õ
 

Õ Õ
The desirable characteristics of 4G are: -
(i) Carrier frequency : 5GHz,
(ii) Channel bandwidth /operator : 50MHz
(iii) Target data rate : 100 to 1000
Mbits/s.
(iv) Channel is assumed to be extremely frequency-selective.
(v) Ubiquity: Seamless Communication, Next-generation
internet
Supporting IPv6,Mobile over IP.
(vi) System & Infrastructure cost : 1/10-1/100 to that of
3G
(vii)Multiplexing options : single-carrier (SC),
multi-carrier(MC) (Including
OFDM).
rEATURES Or rOURTH GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY

ë. High m. Interoperability C. Fully converged

performance and easy roaming services D. Low cost.

‡will feature ‡Multiple standards ‡flexible enough to ‡4G systems will

extremely high of 3G make it support streaming prove far cheaper
quality video of difficult to roam and video, VoIP than 3G, since they
quality comparable interoperate across telephony, still or can be built atop
to HD(high various networks, moving images, e- existing networks
definition) TV. whereas 4G mail, Web browsing, and won't require
Wireless downloads provides a global e-commerce, and operators to
at speeds reaching standard that location-based completely retool
100 Mbps, i.e. 50 provides global services through a and won't require
times of 3G, are mobility. wide variety of carriers to purchase
possible with 4G. devices costly extra
spectrum. In
addition to being a
lot more cost
efficient, 4G is
spectrally efficient,
so carriers can do
more with less.
rEATURES Or rOURTH GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY

F. §nhanced GPS H. Crisis-

§. Devices: more Services G. Scalability Management
user friendly applications
interface ‡ Multiple ‡ It refers to ability ‡ With wideband
standards of 3G to handle ever wireless mobile
‡ 4G devices are make it difficult increasing
expected to be communications
to roam and number of users Internet and
more visual and interoperate and services.
intuitive rather video services,
across various ince an all I could be set up
than today·s text networks, core layer of 4G
and menu based in hours instead
whereas 4G is easily of days or even
systems. They provides a global scalable, it is
will be able to weeks required
standard that ideally suited to for restoration of
interact with the provides global meet this
environment wireline
mobility. challenge. communications.
around it and act
accordingly.
 
 Õ


Following are some of the technologies

considered for 4G:

A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

B. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
C. Software defined radio (SDR)




Õ

  

= When a high speed mobile is transmitting its
signals in high frequency band, it is affected
severely from frequency selective fading. OFDM is
being developed to reduce this frequency selective
fading.
= OFDM is a combination of modulation and
multiplexing.
= OFDM uses the spectrum more efficiently by
making all the sub-carriers orthogonal to one
another, using fast Fourier transform (FFT).
How OFDM works?

×Orthogonal FDM's spread spectrum technique

spreads the data over a lot of carriers that are
spaced apart at precise frequencies.

× This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in

this method which prevents the
receivers/demodulators from seeing
frequencies other than their own specific one.
OrDM PRINCIPLES :
ADVANTAGES Or OrDM:
= Main advantages of OFDM over other
communication modes are
ñ it solves the problem of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI),
ñ has high bandwidth efficiency,
ñ scalable to high data rates,
ñ flexible modulation scheme which can be made
adaptive, good at minimizing the effects of time-
dispersion,
ñ no requirement of channel equalization, no need for
phase lock of the local oscillators stem.
  
     


= One smart-antenna system which shows

promise in 4G systems is MIMO (Multi-Input
Multi-Output)
= The idea behind MIMO is that the signals at
transmit (TX) antennas end and at receive (RX)
antennas end are "combined" so that both the
quality (Bit Error Rate or BER) and the data rate
(bits/sec) of the communication can be
improved.
MIMO WIRELESS SYSTEM
MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT
(MIMO)
ñ Spatial multiplexing:
À In this approach the spectral efficiency can be
increased by transmitting different information
streams on parallel spatial channels associated
with the transmit antennas.
À The receiver terminal should be equipped with at
least same number of receive antennas as the
number of parallel channels generated by the
transmitter in order to separate the individual
streams
Õ 
 

Õ

= SDR technology promises to solve the problem in
global roaming to provide different services by
implementing the radio functionality as software
modules running on a generic hardware platform.
= The main purpose of SDR is to make a user
terminal operate in different kinds of wireless
networks, overcoming power, cost, size, and
compatibility limitations.
= SDR is one form of open wireless architecture
(OWA).
Õ 
 

Õ


= Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio

communication technology that is based on
software defined wireless communication
protocols instead of hardwired
implementations;




Õ 
 


Õ 
 

Õ

× The main advantages of SDR are:
‡ Flexibility and reconfigurability: which allows
dynamic configuration of the system by selecting
the appropriate software module to run
‡ Interoperability: Using the SDR system, it is
possible to integrate other associated software
functions into the system more easily.
‡ Connectivity: by uploading another software
module, we can enable the mobile terminals for
using different protocols and standards.
 
Õ
Õ
 Õ

= Generally, four categories of services or applications

are being developed for use in the 4G wireless
communications.
They are as follows
A. Localized/Personalized Information Services
m. Communications Services
C. Organizational Services
D. §ntertainment Services
APPLICATIONS:

Other main application of 4G is Tele-

geoprocessing. It is a combination of
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), working in
concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile
system.

 Õ
   
ÕÕ Õ

4G systems means to integrate different

networks, different terminals and different
services together seamlessly. The 4G mobile
networks are all-IP based network with
heterogeneous connectivity.
ë. Multiple 4G definitions
m. Multimode user devices
C. Wireless System Selection
D. Terminal Mobility
×@
 @

= To get different types of wireless services at any

time and anywhere, is known as terminal mobility.
= In terminal mobility, there are two main issues,
ñ location management.
the mobile terminal is tracked and located
by the system for possible connection.
ñ handoff management.
two types of handoff are involved,
horizontal handoff and vertical handoff.
= Horizontal handoff is performed when the
terminal roaming is in same wireless systems
that is from one cell to another cell,
= Vertical handoff is done when the terminal
movement is between two different wireless
systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM).




 Õ

(i) 4G will be completely wireless thereby requiring no ditch

digging. It will completely by-pass any low capacity wired
connection.
(ii) Accessibility of multimedia services to users at any place,
any time.
(iii) 4G will be cheap, thereby, allowing carriers to upgrade
inexpensively.
(iv) Evolution of new type input/output devices for fast data
exchange expediting growth in markets of PCs, consumer
electronics, microprocessors and software and facilitating
increased competition amongst applications and service-
providers for users.
(v)Extremely High QoS.


ÕÕÕ  

‘ ëttacks on application level

2
amming and spoofing:
amming is happens when a
transmitter sending out signals at the same frequency displaces a
GPS signal. Spoofing refers to fake GPS signals being sent out, in
which case the GPS receiver thinks that the signals comes from a
satellite and calculates the wrong co-ordinates.
ë Location mased Services (LmS : criminals can deceive
the Law Enforcement Agencies by using smart methods
4 §ncryption:
5 Wi-Fi, Hotspots and WLës
SUMMARY

× 4G will be an intelligent technology that will

interconnect the entire world seamlessly.
× We also discussed the technologies that are the
main building blocks of 4G which includes OFDM,
MIMO, and SDR.
× It is difficult to predict which technology will
emerge in 4G cellular systems. However the
multiple access techniques (OFDM) successfully
come across channel impairments and present a
good complex implementation for supporting the
high wireless data rates.
RErERENCE :
= 4G : FUNCTIONALITIES DEVELOPMENT AND AN ANALYSIS OF MOBILE
WIRELESS GRID.jivesh Govil‘,
ivika Govil Cisco Systems Inc. USë,m.§.(IT
Student, ëpeejay College of §ngineering, Maharshi Dayanand University,
India
= 4G as a Next Generation Wireless Network.ëfaq H. Khan, Mohammed ë.
Qadeer,
uned ë. ënsari, Sariya Waheed Department of Computer
§ngineering Zakir Husain College of §ngineering & Technology,ëligarh
Muslim University, ëligarh, India.
= A Study of Some ey Technologies of 4G System* Qing Xiuhua[‘ Cheng
Chuanhui[2 Wang Li[ë[‘Department of Mathematics and Physics 
Wuhan University of Science and §ngineering [2Zhongnan University of
§conomics and Law [ë School of §lectronic Information, Wuhan University
= Features in Future: 4G Visions from a Technical Perspective:
un-Zhao Sun,

aakko Sauvola, and Douglas Howie MediaTeam, Machine Vision and Media
Processing Unit, Infotech Oulu University of Oulu, Finland ,Tutkijantie 2 m,
FI-90570 University of Oulu, Finland.
= www.wikipedia.org. , www.scholar.google.com. www.scribd.com.