Routing Information Protocol 2

(RIP2)

Study_Group_208
Shrotri Meghana
Dhar Aparna
Narkar Priyanka
Dulam Vasundhara
Mondedula Kalyani

Agenda

RIP Overview, History and Versions

RIP2 over RIP1
Configuring RIP and RIP commands
Distance Vector Algorithms and count to
infinity problem
Protocol Specification and Message Format
Addressing Considerations
Timers, Input and Output processing
Security considerations in RIP2
What is RIPng advantages and usage
Disadvantages of RIP2 and proposed solutions
Conclusion

RIP Overview, History and Versions

An interior gateway protocol (IGP),
which means that it performs routing
within a single autonomous system
(Exterior: BGP)
The original incarnation of RIP was the
Xerox protocol
AppleTalk Routing Table Maintenance
Protocol (RTMP) and the Banyan
VINES Routing Table Protocol (RTP),
these are based on the versions of RIP

Advantages of RIP and Disadvantages of RIP1

Advantages of RIP:

RIP is very useful in a small network, where it has very little

overhead in terms of bandwidth used and configuration and
management time.
Easy to implement than newer IGPs
Many implementations are available in the RIP field.

Disadvantages of RIP1:

minimal amount of information for router to route the packet

and also very large amount of unused space.
Subnet support : Supports subnet routes only within the
subnet network
Not secure; anyone can act as a router just by sending RIP-1
messages
RIP1 was developed for an AS that originally included less
than a 100 routers

RIP2

Latest version of RIP, RFC: 2453,Build in 1990

Advantages:

An AS can include several hundred routers with RIP-2

protocol.
Compatible upgrade of RIPv1 including subnet routing,
authentication, CIDR aggregation, route tags and
multicast transmission
Subnet Support : uses more convenient partitioning
using variable-length subnets
An end system can run RIP in passive mode to listen for
routing information without supplying any.
Low requirement in memory and processing at the node

RIP and RIP2 are for the IPv4 network while the
RIPng is designed for the IPv6 network.

RIP Message Transfer

Practical use in Yahoo Chat IM

Routing information protocol: gives

command, version ip domain and
address information.

RIP Configuring and Commands

ip routing : enables the router

router rip : you can enter configuration
commands to define the RIP process for
router
network network_address : Telling the router
which networks it should advertise routes for
write, write terminal : Saving configuration
& view currently running configuration
ping address : To check and see if the
packets are getting routed
show ip route : To view the routers current
routing table
show ip rip ? : Gives information about RIP

Distance Vector Protocol

Compatible upgrade of RIPv1 including subnet routing,

authentication, CIDR aggregation, route tags and multicast
transmission
Subnet support: RIPv1 supports subnet routes only within the
subnet network while RIPv2 includes subnet mask in the
messages. This allows for subnet knowledge outside subnet. More
convenient partitioning using variable length subnet.
RIPv2 is a distance vector based routing protocol. RIP2 supports
variable-length subnet masks (VLSM).
Distance vector routing protocols: Distance-based vector routing
protocols base the optimal route on the number of hops (i.e.,
devices) a packet must pass through to reach a destination.
Neighboring nodes send information in regular time intervals
Install routes directly in tables, lowest cost wins
The information sent (the distance vectors) are all routes
from the table
The shortest path tree is contained in the routing table
Calculations are based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm

Potential Problems and Solutions

Potential Problems:
Count to infinity problem
Routing loops
SOLUTION: Triggered Updates/Split Horizon for Preventing Two-hop Loops
Split Horizon:
"Split horizon" is a scheme for avoiding problems caused by including routes in
updates sent to the router from which they were learned.
Simple - The information about destination routed on the link is omitted
With poisonous reverse -The corresponding distance is set to infinity if the
destination is routed on the link
Triggered updates:
Split horizon with poisoned reverse will prevent any routing loops that
involve only two routers. However, it is possible to end up with patterns in
which three routers are engaged in mutual deception.
A timer is associated with each entry in the routing table - much longer than
the period of transmission of information
Triggered updates request nodes to send messages as soon as they notice a
change in the routing table

RIP 2 Packet Format

Command -- The command field is used to

specify the purpose of the datagram.

Version -- The RIP version number. The

current version is 2.

Address family identifier -- Indicates what

type of address is specified in this particular
entry.

Route tag -- Attribute assigned to a route

which must be preserved and readvertised
with a route. The route tag provides a
method of separating internal RIP routes
from external RIP routes, which may have
been imported from an EGP or another IGP.

IP address -- The destination IP address.

Subnet mask -- Value applied to the IP

address to yield the non-host portion of the
address. If zero, then no subnet mask has
been included for this entry.

Next hop -- Immediate next hop IP address

to which packets to the destination
specified by this route entry should be
forwarded.

Metric -- Represents the total cost of

getting a datagram from the host to that
destination.

Protocol Structure - RIP & and RIP2: Routing Information Protocol

Max pkt size 512

http://www.colasoft.com/resources/protocol.php?id=RIP2

RIPv2 Packet Format (With/Without Authentication Header)

RIPv2 packet with no Authentication

RIPv2 packet with Authentication

header

Example and Routing Table Structure

Included in RIP routing table

-Address of (net/subnet/host) destination
-Metric associated with destination
-Address of next hop router
-Recently updated flag
-Several timers

IP Routing table for Router R1

RIP2 Extensions
authentication
routing

per subnet
support of multiple metrics
routing domains
multicasting

Addressing Consideration

IP address field in RIP2

message (Request/ Response )
format can be networks,
hosts, or a special code
used to indicate a default
address - example
128.6
Network Address
128.6.4.1
Host
address
0.0.0.0
Default address

Subnet addresses must not

be sent outside the network
of which the subnet is a
part.
0.0.0.0 is used to describe a
default route.

Timers

Multiple timers for performance regulation

Each route contains the following timers.
Routing-update timer.
--- 30
Seconds
Every 30 seconds, the output process is
instructed to generate a complete
response to every neighboring
router/gateway.
30 seconds updates are triggered by a
clock not affected system load or
service.
To prevent collisions 30 second timer
offset by addition of a small random
time.

Timers
Time out timers. ---- 180 Seconds
Set route metric to 16 (Infinity);
Route change flag is set
The output process is instructed to
generate a response message (Notify
neighbors).
Garbage collection timer. ----- 120
Seconds
Route is deleted from routing table.
The output process is instructed to
generate a response message (Notify
neighbors).

Initialization
Initialization

This is done when host first comes online.

Determine who the neighbors are.
Set command field to 1
Send request for entire routing table from
neighbors.

Operations - Input Processing

Handles the datagram received on RIP port (520).

Do validation ( such as version number etc)

If validation fails log the error

Check command field (Request or Response)
Handling Input Request Message
Initialization Request
-- Send entire routing
table.
Specific request
-- Send only entries
requested.
Send response immediately
Handling Input Response Message- A response can be
received for one of several following reasons.
Response to a specific query (direct UDP connection
for the router).
Regular update (Unsolicited response).
Triggered update caused by a route change.

RIP Response Message

Operations Output Processing

Describes the processing used to create response and

request messages.
The out put processing is triggered by the following
ways.
By input processing
By regular routing update ( broadcast/multi cast at
every 30 secs)
By the triggered updates ( When a route changes)
Generating Request Message
Can send one Request
Request for entire routing table.
Generating Response Messages
Response to Request
Sent to only one destination
Regular updates
Send the entire routing table
Triggered Updates
Create Response messages to neighbors.

Interaction between RIPV1 and

RIPV2
Limiting

Networks
Disable Auto-Summarization
Single Subnetmask

Security Considerations
Authentication

1. Plaintext Authentication
Algorithm
2.Cryptographic Authentication
1.Keyed Message Digest 5
2.HMAC-SHA1
Peer Security
Router Filters

RIPng

IPv6 compatible version of RIP

complete new protocol
Uses distance vector algorithm
Uses standard port nuber 521 and runs over
UDP
Installs the best route in the RIPng routing
table

RIPng

RIP-2

RIPng
v/s
RIP-2
Learns IPv6 route
Learns IPv4 route
information

information

Uses port number 521.

Uses port number 520

Requires no
Requires authentication
authentication for RIPng for RIP protocol packets
protocol packets.
No support for multiple
instances of RIPng.

Support for multiple

instances of RIP-2

RIP2 - Disadvantages

RIP-2 supports generic notion of

authentication, but only password is
defined so far. Still not very secure.
RIP2 packet size increases as the number of
networks increases hence it is not suitable
for large networks.
RIP2 generates more protocol traffic than
OSPF, because it propagates routing
information by periodically transmitting the
entire routing table to neighbor routers
RIP2 may be slow to adjust for link failures.

Solution:OSPF within an AS
Can support fine-grained metrics (vs.
RIP)
Multiple metrics

Throughput, Delay, Cost, Reliability

Can compute a different routing table

for each metric.
OSPFv2 supports an extension that
allows the metric to be used specified
in the packet.

Conclusion
RIP2 offers many substantial features
used to increase the efficiency of
RIP1
RIP2 have one negative feature of
RIP1 - the path between two subnets
is based on the fewest number of
router hops
RIPng is a complete new protocol
designed for Ipv6. It uses the same
operations as that of RIP1 and RIP2

References

<http://www.pmg.com/otw_nwsl/97_w_rip1.htm>
<http://www.javvin.com/protocolRIP.html>
<http://www.colasoft.com/resources/protocol.php?id=RIP2>
<http://www.protocols.com/pbook/tcpip4.htm>
<http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/soi-asia/pkg1/06/43.html>
<http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~kfall/EE122/lec16/sld010.htm>
<http://www.uniar.ukrnet.net/tcpip/crhbook/chap04.html>
<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2453.html>
<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1723.html>
<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1058.html>
<http://www.cs.odu.edu/~sudheer/technical/presentations/Introd
uctionToRIP2.pdf>
http://www.networkdictionary.com/protocols/rip.php?
PHPSESSID=c2a79111d168faf
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_RIPOverviewHistoryStandardsan
dVersions.htm
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios12
1/121cgcr/ip_c/ipcprt2/1cdrip.htm
http://www.duke.edu/~yy7/ee156/rip.htm

Questions???