AUTOTRONIC 1

CHAPTER 1
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTAL

IN TR O D U C TIO N
Electricity may be difficult for some

people to learn
reasons:

for the

following

It cannot be seen
Only the results of electricity can be

seen
It has to be detected and measured
The test result have be interpreted

D EFIN ITIO N
Electricity is the movement of electrons from

one atom to another.

The dense center of each atom is called

nucleus.
The nucleus contains:
Protons- which have a positive charge
Neutrons- which are electrically neutral (have no
charge)

Electrons which have a negative charge,

surround the nucleus in orbits.

 Each atom contains an equal number

of electrons and protons.

The positive and negative charges

within an atom are like the north and

south poles of a magnet.
Charges that are alike will repel each

other, similar to the poles of a magnet.

POSITIVE
CHARGE

HAVE NO
CHARGE
NEGATIVE
CHARGE

S U B S TA N C E
S TR U C TU R E

SU B STA N C E (bahan)
Any substance or known material may be

smaller parts until the smallest is found. It

called molecule
It is everything that possesses mass and

occupied a place in space and is composed of

one element or a combination of two or more
elements : - solid (iron etc) liquid (water) and
gaseous (oxygen)

ELEM EN T
Any of more than a hundred simple

substances that consist of atoms of

only one kind and that, alone or in
combination, make up all substances.

M O LEC U LE
Group of atoms bonded together,
representing
the
smallest
fundamental unit of a chemical
compound that can take part in a

ELEC TR O N
TH EO RY

ATOM

One of the basic buildings block in the universe for matter is the atom.
All matter gas, liquid or solid is made up of
molecules or atoms joined together.
A single atom consists of three basic components:
a proton
a neutron
an electron
Within the atom there is Nucleus.

 Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles:

a proton
a neutron
an electron

These particles have different properties. Electrons are tiny,

very light particles that have a negative electrical charge (-).

Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have

the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge (+).

Neutrons are large and heavy like protons, however neutrons

have no electrical charge. Each atom is made up of a

combination of these particles.

ATOM
STRUCTURE
The Nucleus contains the protons (positive particles) and neutrons (electrically
neutral particles). Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons.

The Electrons which are closer to the nucleus are called captive electron very
difficult to remove

The Electrons which are farther away from the nucleus are called free electrons
easily to removed

The orderly movement of the free electrons from atom to

another is called electric current.

ION
When an atom loses any electrons (negative charge) or proton

(positive charge), it becomes unbalanced.

If an atom has more electron than it has proton, the ion will be

negatively charged.
If the atom has more proton than it has electrons, the ion will be

positively charged.
Ions try to regain their balance of equal protons and electrons by

exchanging electrons with neighboring atoms.

The flow of electrons during the equalization process is defined as

the flow of electricity.

An unbalanced,positively charged atom (ion)

w illattract electrons from neighboring
atom s.

CONDUCTORS
Any material that easily allows electrons (electricity) to flow.
A conductor are material with fewer than four electrons in

their atoms outer orbit.

Copper is an excellent conductor because it has only one

electrons in its outer orbit.

Conductor material includes copper, gold, silver, aluminium,

steel and cast iron

NUCLEUS
(29
PROTONS
+
35
NEUTRONS)

ELECTRO
N

Copper is an excellentconductor ofelectricity because it

has just one electron in its outer orbit,m aking iteasy to
be knocked outofits orbitand fl
ow to other nearby
atom s.This causes electron fl
ow ,w hich is the defi
nition of
electricity.

INSULATORS

Any material that inhibits (stop) the flow of electrons (electricity).

Insulators are materials with more than four electrons in their atoms outer
orbit

Small amount of free electrons in their molecular structure

Insulator material includes glass, rubber, ceramic, fiberglass, nylon and

plastic.

Example of insulators include plastics, wood, glass, rubber, ceramics (spark

plug) and varnish for covering (insulating) copper wires in alternators and
starters.

ELECTRO
N

Insulators are elem ents w ith fi

ve to eight
electrons in the outer orbit.

SEMICONDUCTORS
Materials with exactly four electrons in their outer

orbit are neither conductors nor insulators, but

called semiconductors.
Semiconductors can be either an insulator or a

conductor in different design applications.

Semiconductors are used mostly in transistors,

computers and other electronic devices.

Examples of semiconductors include:

Silicon
Germanium
Carbon

ELECTRO
N

Sem iconductor elem ents contain

exactly four electrons in the outer
orbit.