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substances or objects which are disposed

of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the
provisions of the law
Disposal means
any operation which may lead to resource
recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct reuse or alternative uses

Any material which is not needed by

the owner, producer or processor.
Classification

Domestic waste
Factory waste
Waste from oil factory
E-waste
Construction waste
Agricultural waste
Food processing waste
Bio-medical waste
Nuclear waste

Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste,

household waste etc. domestic, commercial and
industrial wastes
especially common as codisposal of wastes
Examples:
plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer,
TV, music systems etc.

Liquid waste- water used for different industries eg

tanneries, distillaries, thermal power plants

Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.

Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.

Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power

plants

Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)

Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines,
cans, styrofoam containers and others)

Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped,
transported to or brought from the country of origin
for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any
part of the territory of the Philippines

Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped,
transported to or brought from the country of origin
for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any
part of the territory of the Philippines
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Households

Commerce and
Industry

Agriculture

Fisheries

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7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

One Sq km of additional landfill area everyyear

Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of

these wastes

In addition to this industries discharge about

150 million tonnes of high volume low hazard
waste every year, which is mostly dumped on
open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

Primarily by the city municipality

-No gradation of waste product eg biodegradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers)

-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling

MCD- Sophisticated DWM (Delhi Waste

Management) vehicle

Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the

sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags

Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida,

caused due to imported scrap from Iran

Reduction in the number of migratory birds

due to consumption of contaminated foods

Stray animals dying on streets and farmland

due to consumption of plastic bags, which
blocks the food movement in their stomach

Affects our health

Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine
environment
Affects our climate

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GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere

Rising global temperatures

Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop

yields, and water supplies.

This could also affect human health, animals, and

many types of ecosystems.

Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and

features of some of our national parks might be
permanently altered.

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Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the

atmosphere:
-Buildup

of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane

(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20).
-C0

is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil

fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste.
2

-CH

is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in

landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and
transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
4

-N0

is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities,

as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.
In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.
2

Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000, US EPA, Office of Atmospheric
Programs, April 2002 EPA 236-R-02-003.
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Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials

Composting

Energy

Combustion (fire, steam)

Gasification (syngas, methanol)
Anaerobic decomposition (methane, ethanol)

Demanufacturing

Biological degradation of organic material under

aerobic conditions.

Disassembly and recycling of obsolete consumer

products.

Reuse

Reusable glass container makes an average of 15

round-trips between factory and customer before it
has to be recycled.
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The Three Rs

Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
(in order of their desirability)
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The best way to reduce our waste stream is

to produce less waste
Excess packaging of food and consumer
products is one of our greatest sources of
unnecessary waste.
Photodegradable plastics break down
when exposed to UV rays.
Biodegradable plastics can be
decomposed by microorganisms.
There are problems with photodegradable
and biodegradable plastics, eg,
dont degrade completely,
littering is considered ok with these degradable
products ???

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Although most industrialized nations in the

world have agreed to stop shipping
hazardous and toxic waste to less
developed countries, the practice still
continues.
Toxic wastes are sometimes recycled as
building materials, fertilizer or soil
amendments.

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Reuse
- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as
interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.
- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes,
cups, and glasses.
- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing
shipments.
- Encourage employees to reuse office materials
rather than purchase new ones.

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Predominant method of waste disposal in

developing countries
Illegal dumping problems
Groundwater contamination, air pollution,
pest and health hazards

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Source: The Independent

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Landfills most common method of waste

disposal - cheap and convenient.
Open pits no longer acceptable.
Complex impermeable bottom layers to trap
contaminants
Daily deposits are covered by layer of dirt.
Methane gas and leachate monitoring wells

Waste Disposal Methods (contd)

More than 1,200 of the 1,500 existing

landfills in the U.S. have closed.
Many major cities must export their
trash.

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Sanitary
Landfills

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Mass Burn - Everything smaller than

major furniture and appliances loaded
into furnace.
Creates air pollution problems.

Refuse-Derived Fuel - Refuse is sorted

to remove recyclable and unburnable
materials.
Higher energy content than raw trash.

Reduces disposal volume by 80-90%.

Residual ash sent to landfills and usually contains

toxic material.

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Mass-Burn Garbage
Mass-Burn Garbage
Incinerator
Incinerator

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Mass burn
incineration
Air pollution
Waste to
energy

Contains at least one toxic compound

Catches fire easily
Reactive or explosive
Corrodes metal containers

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?

Cleaning

Gardening

Disinfectants
Drain, toilet, and
window cleaners
Spot removers
Septic tank, cleaners

Pesticides
Weed killers
Ant and rodent killers
Flea powders

Paint
Latex and oil-based paints
Paint thinners, solvents,
and strippers
Stains, varnishes,
and lacquers
Wood preservatives
Artist paints and inks
General
Dry cell batteries
(mercury and cadmium)
Glues and cements

Automotive
Gasoline
Used motor oil
Antifreeze
Battery acid
Solvents
Brake and transmission
fluid
Rust inhibitor and
rust remover

What is hazardous waste?

- Discarded material containing substances
known to be ignitable, corrosive, explosive or
reactive, fatal, toxic, mutagenic,
carcinogenic, or teratogenic to humans or
other life forms.
May contain either hazardous or toxic
material.

Most hazardous waste comes from chemical

products industries
Toxic e-waste from inadequate, or
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Tracking Hazardous Wastes

Toxic Release Inventory

Cradle to Grave

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Produce Less Waste

Avoid

creating wastes in the first place

Reuse and Recycle

Convert to Less Hazardous

Substances
Physical

Treatment (Tie-up or Isolation)

Incineration
Chemical Processing (Transformation)
Bioremediation (Microorganisms)
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Store Permanently
Retrievable

Storage

Can be inspected and periodically

retrieved.
Secure

Landfills

Modern, complex landfills with

multiple liners and other

impervious layers and monitoring
systems.
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Physical methods
Chemical methods
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Plasma incineration

Lead
paint, gasoline, pipes, accumulates in soil and
water
neurological damage, slows brain development,
kidney disorders; children especially vulnerable

Mercury
paint, batteries, old thermometers, industrial
processes, combustion of coal, dental fillings,
contaminated historical mining sites
damages brain, kidneys, developing fetus,
learning disabilities, death with high doses

Arsenic
treated wood, industrial processes,
contaminated soil and water
impairs organ, heart, and blood functions;
damages nervous system

PCBs (Ploycholorinated biphenyls)

industrial chemical (used in fire retartands,
lubricants, insulation for electrical
transformers, some printing inks)
carcinogenic, birth defects, lower IQ, learning
disabilities, impairs neurological development

Conduct outreach program adopting

an ecologically sound waste
management system which includes:

waste reduction
segregation at source
composting
recycling and re-use
more efficient collection
more environmentally sound disposal

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