ACCIDENT DETECTION and vehicle performance enhancement

SYSTEM
Using WICED SMART SENSE

Some Disturbing
Statistics
O Emergence of Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs)

was a leading cause of Deaths &

Disabilities in India in 2011.
O Accidents -4.97 lakh (annual) (1 every
minute)
O Deaths -1,42,485 (one death every 3.7
minutes)
O Accidents impose significant costs
3% GDP for India (1999-2000)
1% GNP for low income countries

*No. of persons killed per 100 accidents

Number of fatal accidents and number of person involved

600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2002

2003

2004

2005

Fatal road accidents

2006

2007

People killed

2008

2009

People injured

2010

2011

Need for Accident detection

mechanism
O The crucial time between the accident and getting the

victim medical attention can often be the difference

between life and death.
O The proposed Accident detection system can help reduce
fatalities stemming from car accidents by decreasing the
response time of emergency responders by informing
them about the accident and its location as well. This
can be very useful if the victim has been involved in an
accident at a place where people might not have
reference to indicate the accident location or if it has
occurred at a secluded place.
O The reduction of time of response in the assistance
services plays a very important role for avoiding deaths
in traffic accidents, reducing the number of injuries and
their seriousness.

Proposed model
for Accident Detection.
O The proposed model for accident detection

aims to employ a hardware black box (that

makes use of WICED SMART SENSE)
installed in vehicles that will wirelessly send
impact sensor information as well as GPS
coordinates to local emergency agencies.
O The sensors put to use are the
accelerometer and gyroscope.

Accelerometer
O An accelerometer is an electromechanical device

that measures acceleration forces. These forces

may be static, like the constant force of gravity
pulling at our feet, or they could be dynamic caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer.
Micro machined accelerometers are a highly
enabling technology with a huge commercial
potential. They provide lower power, compact and
robust sensing. Multiple sensors are often
combined to provide multi-axis sensing and more
accurate data .
O In the proposed model the emergency responder
is notified in case of deceleration of car above a
certain safe limit.

Gyroscope
O Gyro sensors, also known as angular rate

sensors or angular velocity sensors, are

devices that sense angular velocity.
O There are three main applications for gyro
sensors:
Sense the amount of angular velocity
produced.
Used in measuring the amount of motion
itself.
Ex. Checking athletic movement

Senses angular velocity produced by the sensor's

own movement. Angles are detected via
integration operations by a CPU. The angle moved
is fed to and reflected in an
application. Ex. Car
navigation systems, Game controllers etc.

Senses vibration produced by external factors,

and transmits vibration data as electrical signals

to a CPU. Used in correcting the orientation or
balance of an object. Ex. Camera-shake
correction, Vehicle control etc.
In the proposed model it basically senses the vertical
angle deviation and in case of toppling beyond a
predefined range of the angle deviation, the
emergency responder is notified.

Accident detection
process

O The process will be as follows:

1.
2.

3.
4.

The accident occurs.

The accelerometer and gyroscope in the Wiced
smart sense are able to communicate with the
drivers phone through BTLE. If the car decelerates
at a rate more than a pre specified value (above
which the impact of such a sudden change in
momentum can be disastrous) or if it topples, a
message is sent to an emergency responder using
GSM/GPRS along with the location of the accident
with the drivers phone.
The help can then be sent without any delay.
The algorithm for sending the message to an
emergency responder with the GPS location is
mentioned in the next slide.

Accelerometer and
Gyroscope Readings

No

GPS is
turned
on

Deceleratio
n or
angular
deviation
above a
specific
rate?

STOP

Yes

Insertion of
the number

Messag
e Sent?

No
The Data
is copied

The Message
is inserted

Sending
the
message

Pictorial representation

Performance
enhancement
To enhance the performance of a car, two
important parameters are taken into account:
O To maintain the engine temperature in a
certain range for which the coolant
temperature is continuously monitored.
O The appropriate tyre pressure.
Both the parameters are taken up in the
following slides.

A water-cooled cooling
system

The engine of a car

O A car engine produces a lot of heat when it

is running, and must be cooled continuously

to avoid engine damage.
O Generally this is done by circulating coolant
liquid usually water mixed with an antifreeze
solution through special cooling passages.
Some engines are cooled by air flowing over
finned cylinder casings.

O A water-cooled engine block and cylinder

head have interconnected coolant channels

running through them. At the top of the
cylinder head all the channels converge to a
single outlet.
O A pump, driven by a pulley and belt from the
crankshaft, drives hot coolant out of the
engine to the radiator, which is a form of
heat exchanger.
O Unwanted heat is passed from the radiator
into the air stream, and the cooled liquid
then returns to an inlet at the bottom of the
block and flows back into the channels
again.

O The pump sends coolant up through the

engine and down through the radiator.

O The radiator is linked to the engine by
rubber hoses connected by a core a bank of
many fine tubes.
O The tubes pass through holes in a stack of
thin sheet-metal fins, so that the core has a
very large surface area and can lose heat
rapidly to the cooler air passing through it.
O In an engine at its ordinary working
temperature, the coolant is only just below
normal boiling point.

O The risk of boiling is avoided by increasing

the pressure in the system, which raises the

boiling point.
O The extra pressure is limited by the radiator
cap, which has a pressure valve in it.
Excessive pressure opens the valve, and
coolant flows out through an overflow pipe.
O In a cooling system of this type there is a
continual slight loss of coolant if the engine
runs very hot. The system needs topping up
from time to time.
O Later cars have a sealed system in which any
overflow goes into an expansion tank, from
which it is sucked back into the engine when
the remaining liquid cools.

Proposed Method
By monitoring the temperature of the coolant liquid,
we can identify when the liquid attains temperatures
superior to its usual temperatures. As a result, it can
be identified whenever the coolant, hence the
engine, becomes very hot. This would send a
message signal to the driver regarding potential
overheating of the engine well in time before major
damage occurs to the engine. Also, as an alternative,
the check engine light can be turned on.

The algorithm for the system is mentioned in the

next slide.

Coolant Temperature
Reading

N
o

Temperature
above a
specific
value?

Yes
Engine
too hot

Message
is
inserted

STOP

Analysis of tyre
pressure

Benefits of correct air pressure

O Safety

-- Tyres that are under inflated can

overheat; and over inflated tyres can lead to poor
vehicle handling on the road.
O Economy -- Over or under inflated tyres suffer
more damage than those with the correct
pressure and need to be replaced more
frequently. Vehicles with under-inflated tyres have
increased rolling resistance and require more fuel
to maintain the same speed.
O Environment Correct tyre pressures help
maintain optimum fuel efficiency. This can equate
to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from
your vehicle than those from a vehicle with
incorrect tyre pressure. Thus by maintaining the
recommended air pressure in your tyres you
contribute towards a cleaner environment.

Under Inflated Tyres:

An underinflated tire can't maintain its shape
and becomes flatter than intended while in
contact with the road. If a vehicle's tires are
underinflated by only 6 psi it could lead to tire
failure. Additionally, the tire's tread life could
be reduced by as much as 25%. Lower
inflation pressure will allow the tire to deflect
(bend) more as it rolls. This will build up
internal heat, increase rolling resistance and
cause a reduction in fuel economy of up to
5%. You would experience a significant loss of
steering precision and cornering stability.
While 6 psi doesn't seem excessively low,
remember, it usually represents about 20% of
the tyre's recommended pressure.

Over Inflated Tyres:

An overinflated tire is stiff and unyielding and
the size of its
footprint in contact with the
road is reduced. If a vehicle's tires
are
overinflated by 6 psi, they could be damaged
more easily when running over potholes or
debris in the road. Higher inflated tires cannot
isolate road irregularities well, causing them to
ride harsher. However, higher inflation
pressures usually provide an improvement in
steering response and cornering stability up to
a point. This is why participants who use street
tires in autocrosses, track events and road
races run higher than normal inflation
pressures. The pressure must be checked with
a quality air gauge as the inflation pressure
cannot be accurately estimated through visual
inspection.

Proposed Method
Well deploy pressure sensors on the rims of
the rear and front wheels and program them
accordingly.
If the pressure lies outside the normal range,
our device will send a message to the driver
and he can take appropriate steps.
The algorithm is mentioned in the next slide.

Read Pressure
Sensor

Yes
Pressure
is within
range?

No
Message is
inserted

N
o
Messag
e Sent?

STOP

Conclusion
O An economical and efficient accident control

and vehicle performance enhancement system

can be designed using Wiced smart sense.
O We make use of the following sensors in our

kit:
1. Accelerometer
2. Gyroscope
3. Temperature
4. Pressure

THANK YOU
Made by
Aman Raghuvanshi
Ankit Pareek
Akshi Tomar
Mukul Chaudhary
Kanika Deoli