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Vibrio sp.
Gram-negative rods
Curves or comma shaped
Non-spore forming
Highly motile-single polar flagella
Associated with salt water
Oxidase positive
Facultative anaerobe
Tolerate alkaline conditions to
pH9.0
Readily cultivated, Simple
nutritional requirements
Vibrio cholerae
Antigenic structure
Common heat-labile flagellar H antigen
O lipopolysaccharide confers serologic
specificity
More than 150 O antigen serogroups
Only O-1 and 0139 serogroups cause Asiatic
cholera
Three serotypes; Ogawa, Inaba, Hikojima
Two biovars; classic and El Tor
V. cholerae - Transmission
feces
water
fresh
salt
food
Vibrio cholerae
Epidemiology
Epidemic cholera-spread by
contaminated water under conditions of
poor sanitation
Endemic-consumption of raw seafood
Copepods
Vibrio cholerae
Pathogenesis
Ingest 108-1010 organisms
Non invasive infection of small intestine
Organisms secrete enterotoxin
Watery diarrhea
Biological effect
Cholera toxin
Coregulated pilus
adhesin
Hemagglutination protease
Zona occludens
Exotoxin
Exotoxin
Flagellum
Motility
Siderophores
Iron sequestration
Cholera toxin
Enterotoxin-cholera toxin-CtxAB
Encoded by a prophage
Molecular mass of 84,000 daltons
A subunit-ADP-ribosylating toxin
B subunit-bind GM1-gangliosides on enterocytes
A subunit ADP ribosylates Gs-alpha which regulates
activation of adenlyate cyclase
Result is persistent increase in cAMP levels
Hyper secretion of Na, Cl, K, bicarbonate and H20
Vibrio cholerae-Clinical
manifestations
Asymptomatic colonization to fatal diarrhea
Onset 2-3 days after ingestion
Abrupt onset of watery diarrhea and
vomiting
Rice water stools
Severe fluid and electrolyte loss-dehydration,
metabolic acidosis, hypovolemic shock, renal
failure
Death 60% if untreated, 1% if treated for
fluid loss
Pathogenicity of V. cholera
Dehydration and death
Massive secretion of ions/water into
gut lumen
Immunity
Strong immunity after recovery, SIgA
Bacteriological Diagnosis
Vibrio parahemolyticus
One kind of halophilic vibrios; optimal NaCl
concentration contained in culture media is 3.5%;
hemolysin related to its pathogenicity, can be detected
by human or rabbit RBC test (Kanagawa test); cause
food poisoning in human beings.
raw sea-food
Clinical manifestations
Self-limiting diarrhea to mild cholera-like illness
24 hours after ingestion-explosive water diarrhea
Headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, low
grade fever for 72 hours or more
Uneventful recovery
Wound infections in people exposed to seawatercontaining vibrios