TOPIC 4 :

VECTOR SPACES
4.1 Introduction to
Vectors
Real vector spaces &
Subspaces
Linear Algebra I

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Ordered n-tuple
Defn: If n is a positive integer, then an ordered n-tuple is
a sequence of n real numbers (a1 , a2 ,,an). The set of
all n-tuples is called n-space and is denoted by Rn.

R1 = R = { a1, b1, }
R2 = { (a1 , a2), (b2 , b2), }
R3 = { (a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3), }

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Standard Operations on Rn
Defn: Let vectors u = (u1,u2,,un) and v = (v1,v2,,vn) in
Rn .
1) u=v if u1=v1, u2=v2,, un=vn.
2) Sum of u and v is u+v =(u1+v1, , un+vn)
3) Scalar Multiple of a scalar k and u is ku= (ku1,ku2,
,kun)
4) u = (-u1 , -u2 ,,-un) is the negative of u.
Zero vector, 0 = (0, 0, , 0)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Properties of Vector Operations in Rn

Thm 4.1.1
If u = (u1,u2,,un) , v = (v1,v2,,vn) and w = (w1,w2,,wn)
are vectors in Rn and k and m are scalars, then:
a) u + v = v + u
b) u +(v + w) =(u + v) + w
c) u+0 = 0+u = u
d) u + (-u) = u - u = 0
e) k(mu) = (km)u
f) k(u + v) = ku + kv
g)(k+m)u = ku + mu
h)1u = u

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Euclidean Inner Product

Defn: Let vectors u = (u1,u2,,un) and v = (v1,v2,,vn) in
Rn .
Euclidean inner product u v is defined by
u v =u1v1+u2v2+ +unvn
Thm 4.1.2
If u, v and w are vectors in Rn and k is any scalar, then:
a) u v = v u
b) (u + v) w = u w + v w
c) (ku) v = k(u v)
d) v v 0.
v v = 0 iff v = 0

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Norm & Distance in Euclidean n-Space

Defn: Let vectors u = (u1,u2,,un) and v = (v1,v2,,vn) in
Rn.
1) Euclidean
of...
avector
:
u (uNorm
u)1/ 2or
Length
u2 u2
u2
1

2) Distance
bet
d(u, v)
two
u vvectors
((u- v): (u- v))1/2
(u1 v1 )2 (u2 v2 )2 ... (u2 v2 )2

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Vector Space Axioms

Defn: Let V be an arbitrary nonempty set of objects with
the defines addition & scalar multiplication.
Let u,v,w V and k,m are scalars. V is a vector space if
all u,v,w,k,m satisfy all of the following 10 axioms.
1) u + v V

2) u + v = v + u

3) u +(v + w) =(u + v) + w 4) u+0 = 0+u = u u V

5) u V , there is an object u in V, called a negative
of u, such that u+(-u) = (-u)+u = 0
6) ku V
7) k(u + v )=ku + kv
9)k(mu) = (km)u
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

8) (k+m)u=ku+mu
10)1u=u
7

Vector Spaces
Examples of vector spaces:
1) Rn
2) A square matrix of size 2
3) mxn matrices
4) Real-Valued functions
Thm 5.1.1 Let V be a vector space, u V and k a scalar,
then,
1) 0u=0
2) k0=0
3) (-1)u = -u
4) If ku = 0, then k = 0 or u = 0
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Subspaces
Defn: Subspace of a vector.
Let V be a vector space and W is a subset of V.
W is called a subspace of V if W is a vector space under
the addition and scalar multiplication defined on V.
Thm 5.2.1. If W is a set of one or more vectors from a
vector space V, then W is a subspace of V if and only if
the following conditions hold.
1) If u and v are vectors in W, then u + v is in W
2) If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W, then ku is in
W.
2 Condition for a set of vectors, W to be a subspace of a
vector space V.
1) For every u,vW, u+v W
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ JAN 13 #4aii

u
Let A
x
j
B
m

v
y
k
n

w
S, x 2v y - z
z
l
S, m 2k n o

Check condition 1:
u j v k w i
AB
x m y n z o
x m (2v y z) (2k n o)
2(v k) (y n) (z o)
Thus(A B) S condition1 fulfilled

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ JAN 13 #4aii

Check condition 2:
u v w
ku kv kw

kx ky kz
x y z
kx k(2v y z)
2kv ky kz
2(kv) (ky) - (kz)
ThuskA S .condition2 fulfilled
kA k

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ JAN 13 #4b

LHS

a e b f
ka ke kb kf

kcg
kdh
cg dh

k(A B) k
RHS

a
c

b
e f
ka kb ke kf

k
g h kc kd kg kh
d

ka ke kb kf

kckg kdkh
ka ke kb kf
ka ke kb kf
2

k
cg
k
dh
kdh

kcg
k(A+B)kA+kB
Thus, the axiom fails to hold

kA kB k

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ JAN 12 #4a

p q
Let A
r 0 N, p q 0 andp,q,r R
u v
B
N, u v 0 andu, v,w R

w 0
Check Condition 1
p q u v p u q v
AB

r
0
w
0

r w 0 0
(p u) (q v) (p q) (u v)
0
Condition 1 is fulfilled
Check condition 2
p q
kp kq
kA k

kr ks
r s
kp kq k(p q) 0 if k 0
Condition 2 is not satisfied. N is not a subspace
of M2x2
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ JAN 12 #4b

Let p(x)=a+bx+cx2
LHS
(k+m)p(x) = (k+m)(a+bx+cx2)
= a+(k+m)bx+(k+m)2cx2
RHS
kp(x)+mp(x)=k(a+bx+cx2)+m(a+bx+cx2)
= (a+kbx+k2cx2)+ (a+mbx+m2cx2)
= 2a+(k+m)bx+k2 cx2+m2cx2
(k+m)p(x)
LHS
The axiom is not satisfied

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ Apr 2011#a

Let u = (a,b,j) and v = (d,e,f)

LHS :c(u+v) = c(a+d,b+e,j+f)
=(a+d,c(b+e),-(j+f))
=(a+d, cb+ce,-j-f)
RHS: cu+cv =c(a,b,j)+c(d,e,f)
=(a,cb,-j)+(d,ce,-f)
=(a+d, cb+ce,-j-f)
c(u+v)=cu+cv. Thus, the given axiom holds.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ Apr 11 #4b

Let p = r +sx +tx2 H where r+t =-2

q = u+vx +wx2H where u+w=-2
Check condition 1:
p+q = (r +sx +tx2)+ (u+vx +wx2)
=(r+u) + (s+v)x + (t+w)x2
(r+u) + (t+w)=(r+t) +(u+w)
= -2+ (-2)=-4-2
p+qH
Thus, condition 1 does not hold
Set H is not a subspace of P2
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ OCT 10 #3a

1 4 4
i) A
,4 1 4 W
1 0 0
ii) let a 0,b 0,c 0 andd 0
0 0 0
B
,
0 0 0
a c 0 0 0 b
B W. Thus,W containsa zero vectorof M23
0 0 0
thezero vectorof M23

0 0 0

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

FEQ OCT 10 #3a

a b c
,b a c W
d 0 0
p q r
B
,q p r W
s 0 0
iii)Let A

Check condition 1
a b c
p q r
AB

d 0 0
s 0 0
a p b q c r

0
0
d s

(a+p)+(c+r)=(a+c) +(p+r)
=b+q
Thus, b+q=(a+p) + (c+r)
A+BW
Condition 1 is satisfied
a b c
ka kb kc
kA k

d 0 0
kd 0 0

kb=k(a+c) =ka+kc
kAW. Thus, W is a suspace of M23

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.2 Linear
Combination

Linear Algebra I

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Linear Combination
Defn: Consider a vector space V. If w V, then w is called
a linear combination of the vectors
v1, v2, , vn in V if it can be written as
w= k1v1+k2v2+ +knvn
where k1, k2, , kn are scalars. These scalars are called
the coefficient of the linear combination.
Eg 1. Given vectors u = (1,2,-1) and v = (6,4,2)
determine whether each of the following vectors is a
linear combination of u and v
a) w= (9,2,7)
b) x = (4, -1,8)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

21

Example 1: solution
1 6
a) 2 4

1 2

9
2

1 6
0 8

0 8

9
16

16

1 6
0 1

0 0

9
2

k2=2, k1=-3
w = -3u + 2k
w is a linear combination of u and v
1 6
b) 2 4

1 2

4
1

1 6
0 8

0 8

4
9

16

1 6
0 1

0 0

9
2

The system is not consistent. No value of r1 and r2 to

write
x = r1u+r2v
x is not a linear combination of u and v
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

22

Example 1: solution

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

23

Linear Combination
Thm 4.2.3 : If S = {v1, v2, , vn} is a nonempty set of
vectors in a vector space V, then:
a) The set W of all possible linear combinations of
vectors in S is a subspace of V.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

24

Spanning SetMAT 133,238,263

Defn: Let
1) S={v1, v2, , vn} be a non empty set of vectors in a
vector space V
2) W is a set of all linear combinations of vectors in S.
Then W is called the span of S and the vectors in S
span W.
The span of S is denoted by
span (S) or span {v1, v2, , vn }.
Example 2. Determine whether v1=(1,1,2), v2=(1,0,1)
and
v3 =(2,1,3) span the vector space R3.
Solution:
Determine if R3 consists of all lin. combinations of v1, v2,
v3, i.e every vector in R3 is a lin. combination of v1, v2, v3.
This can be done by testing whether any arbitrary
25

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Example 2: solution

26

Example 2: solution

27

9 April 2013 : 8-9.50:MK 10B3

QUIZ 2
Vector Spaces:
Linear Independence
Basis for a vector space
LAB : Introduction to MAPLE
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
1) Identify whether a set of vectors is linearly
dependent or linearly independent
2) Determine whether a set of vectors is a basis
for a vector space
3) Use MAPLE to do operations on matrices
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.3 Linear
independence

Linear Algebra II

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Linear Independence
A set of vectors is called linearly dependent if they are
interrelated in the sense that one or more of them can be
expressed as a linear combination of the others.
Defn: Let S={v1, v2, , vn} and k1v1+k2v2+ +knvn =0.
1) Set S is linearly independent if k1=k2 = = kn=0 .
2) Set S is linearly dependent if not all kj are 0.
Thm 4.3.1 Let S be a set with two or more vectors.
a) Set S is linearly dependent iff at least one of the
vectors in S is expressible as a linear combination of
other vectors in S.
b) Set S is linearly independent iff no vector in S is
expressible as a linear combination of other vectors in S.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

30

Linear Independence
Thm 4.3.2
a) A finite set of vectors that contains the zero vector
is linearly dependent.
b) A set with exactly one vector is linearly independent iff
that vector is not a zero vector.
c)A set with exactly two vectors is linearly independent if
and only if neither vector is a scalar multiple of the other .
Thm 4.3.3. Let S = {v1, v2, , vr} be a set of vectors in
Rn. If r>n, then S is linearly dependent.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

31

Linear Independence
Example 3.
Determine whether the vectors u=(1,-2,3), v=(5,6,-1) and
w=(3,2,1) form a linearly dependent or linearly
independent set.
Solution:
Let c1u + c2v + c3w = 0
Form a linear system and solve

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

32

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.4 Basis and

Dimension of a
Vector Space
Linear Algebra I

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Basis for Vector Spaces

Defn.
Let S={v1, v2, , vn} is a set of vectors in a vector space
V.
S is a basis for V if it satisfies the two conditions below:
1) Set S is linearly independent.
2) S spans V.
Thm 5.4.1: Uniqueness of Basis Representation
If S = {v1, v2, , vn} is a basis for a vector space V, then
every vector v in V can be expressed in the form
v=c1v1+c2v2++cnvn in exactly one way.
Example 5.
Let v1=(1,2,1), v2=(2,9,0) and v3=(3,3,4).
Show that S={v1, v2, v3} is a basis for R3
34

Example 5: Solution
Solution:

35

Standard basis for n-space Rn

Standard basis for Rn.
R2 : S={(1,0) , (0,1)}
R3: S = {(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)}
R4: S = {(1,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)}
-------------------------------------------------Rn: S={(1,0,,0), (0,1,,0),,(0,0,1)}

36

Standard basis for Polynomials, Pn

Standard basis for Pn
P1: S = {1, x}
P2: S = {1, x, x2}
P3: S = {1, x, x2, x3}
----------------------------Pn: S = {1, x, x2,, xn}

37

Standard basis for Matrices, Mmxn

Standard basis for Mmn.
M22: S 1 0 , 0 1 , 0 0 , 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1





1

M31: S = 0 ,
0

M32

0
1

, 0

1

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

: S 0 0 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 0 1 , 0 0 , 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1







38

Dimension of Vector Spaces

Defn: A nonzero vector space V is called finitedimension if it contains a finite set of vectors {v1, v2, ,
vr} that forms a basis.
If no such set exists, V is called an infinitedimensional.
Thm 5.4.2
Zero
space
is ,finite
dimensional.
Let avector
set S =
{v1, v

,
v
2
n} is a basis for a finite
dimensional vector space V.
a) If a set R has more than n vectors, then R is linearly
dependent
b) If a set R has fewer than n vectors, then R does not
span V

39

Dimension of Vector Spaces

Let V is finite-dimensional.
The dimension of V, dim(V) = # of vectors in a basis of V
Thm 5.4.3
All bases for a finite-dimensional vector space have the
same number of vectors.
1) dim ( Rn ) = n
2) dim ( Pn ) = n+1
3) dim( Mmxn ) = mn

40

Plus/Minus Theorem
Thm 5.4.4
Let S a nonempty set of vectors in a vector space V.
1) If S is a linearly independent set, and v is a vector
in V that is outside of span(S),
then the set S {v} that results by inserting v into S
is still linearly independent.
2) If v is a vector in S that is expressible as a linear
combination of other vectors in S, and if S {v}
denotes the set obtained by removing v from S,
then S and S {v} span the same space; that is,
Span (S) = span (S {v})

41

Plus/Minus Theorem
Thm 5.4.5
If V is an n-dimensional vector space, and if S is a set in V
with exactly n vectors, then S is a basis for V if either S
spans V or S is linearly independent.
Thm 5.4.6
Let S be a finite set of vectors in a finite-dimensional
vector space V.
a) If S spans V but is not a basis for V, then S can be
reduced to a basis for V by removing appropriate
vectors from S.
b) If S is a linearly independent set that is not already
a basis for V, then S can be enlarged to a basis for V
by inserting appropriate vectors in to S.
42

Plus/Minus Theorem
Example 6.
a) Consider a set of vectors
W = {(1,0,0,0), (-1,1,0,-1), (3,2,0,-2), (0,-1,-2,2),
(1,0,1,0)}
i. Show that the set W spans R4
ii. Determine vector(s) in W that can be removed so
that W can be a basis for R4.
b)

Consider the sets S { x3-3, 3x3+x2 +11x 9} and

W={2x3-6, x3-x2-11x-3,3x3-2x2-22x -9}
i) Determine if the two sets spans the same subspace
in P3.
ii) Determine the vectors in W that need to be
removed (if any) and the standard vectors that
need to be added in order for the set W to be a

43

Example 6: Solution

44

Example 6: Solution

45

Example 6: Solution

46

Coordinate Vector of a vector relative to a

basis
Coordinates relative to a Basis
If a set S={v1, v2, , vn} is a basis for a vector space V,
and v=c1v1+c2v2++cn vn ,
Then
1) the scalars c1, c2, , cn are called the coordinates of
v relative to the basis S.
2) The vector (v)S = (c1, c2, , cn)Rn is called the
coordinate vector of v relative to S.
Example 7. Consider a basis for R3, S={(1,2,1), (2,9,0),
(3,3,4)}.
a) Find the coordinate vector of v = (5,-1,9) with respect
to S.
b) Find the vector v in R3 whose coordinate vector with
47
respect to S is (v) = (-1,3,2).

Example 7: Solution

48

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.5 Inner product

Spaces

Linear Algebra II

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Inner Products
Defn: An inner product on a real vector space V is a function
that associates a real number u,v with each pair of
vectors u and v in V such that it satisfies the following
axioms for all vectors u, v, and z in V and all scalars k.
u, v = v,u
u + v, z = u, z +v, z
ku, v = ku, v
v,v 0
and v,v = 0 if and only if v=0
A real vector space with an inner product is called a real
inner product space.

50

Inner Products
Let u = (u1, u2, , un) and v= (v1, v2, , vn)
1) Euclidean Inner Product on Rn or Euclidean n-space defined
by
u, v = uv = u1v1 + u2v2 ++ unvn is an inner product.
2) Weighted Euclidean inner product with weights positive real
numbers w1, w2, , wn defined by
u,v = w1u1v1 + w2u2v2 ++ wnunvn is an inner product.

Example 1. Let u = (u1, u2) and v= (v1, v2) be the vectors in R2.
Verify that the weighted Euclidean inner product
u,v = 3u1v1 + 2u2v2 satisfies the four inner product
axioms.
51

Example 1:solution

52

Length and Distance

Spaces

in

Inner

Product

Defn:
If V is an inner product space, then the norm (or length )
of
a vector u in V is defined
by
1/ 2
u u, u

A unit vector is a vector that has norm 1

The distance between two points (vectors) u and v is
u v
defined by
d(u,v) =

53

Length and Distance in Inner Product

Spaces
Example 2.
a) Let u = (u1, u2) and v = (v1, v2) be the vectors in R2
and
u,v = 3u1v1 + 2u2v2.
u

Find u , v,

u1 u2
b) Let u= u3 u4

matrices.

and d(u,v) if u = (1,0) and v=(0,1)

v1 v2
v4
and v v=
3

be any 2x2

Define an inner product on M22 as

- 1 0
T1 2
v

Tu
u , v = tr(u v) =tr(v 3
u) 4= u1v1 + u 2v32 +2u
3v3 + u4v4
Find u , v and
if
and
.
c) Let u = a +bx +cx2 and v= d+ex +fx2 any vectors in
P2 and

54

Example 2:solution

55

Example 2:solution

56

Example 2:solution

57

Inner Product of functions

Inner Product on C[a,b].
Let f = f(x) and g= g(x) be two functions on C[a,b].
f, g =b
a f(x)g(x)dx
f f, f

is an inner product on C[a,b] and

b 2
f (x) dx
a

58

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.6 Orthogonal Bases

and Gram-Schmidt
Process
Linear Algebra II

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Orthogonal and Orthonormal Bases for

Inner Product Space
Definitions:
1) Two vectors u and v in an inner product space are
called orthogonal if u,v = 0.
2) A set of vectors in an inner product space is called an
orthogonal set if all pairs of distinct vectors in the set
are orthogonal. An orthogonal set in which each vector
has norm 1 is called orthonormal set.
3) A basis of an inner product space that consists of
orthonormal vectors is called an orthonormal basis. An
orthogonal basis is a basis that consists of orthogonal
vectors.
Thm 6.3.3
If S = {v1, v2, , vn} is an orthogonal set of nonzero
vectors in an inner product space, then S is linearly
independent.

60

Coordinates relative to Orthonormal Bases

Thm 6.3.1 If S = {v1, v2, , vr} is an orthonormal basis
for an inner product space V, and u is any vector in V,
then,
u = u,v1 v1+ u,v2v2 ++ u,vnvn.
u,v1, u,v2, , u,vn are the coordinates of u relative
to S.
(u)S = (u,v1, u,v2, , u,vn) is the coordinate vector
of u relative to S.
Thm 6.3.2. If S is an orthonormal basis for an n(a) u u12 u22 ... un2
dimensional inner product space, and if (u)S = (u1, u2, ,
2
2
2
(b)
d
(
u
,
v
)

(u

v
)

(u

v
)

...

(u

v
)
u ) (v) = (v , v ,
1 , v1 ), then
2
2
n
n
n

(c) u, v u1v1 u2v2 ... unvn

61

Coordinates relative to Orthogonal Bases

Example 3. Let R3 has the Euclidean inner product and
v1 = (0,1,0), v2 = (-4/5,0,3/5) and v3 = (3/5,0,4/5) are
vectors in R3.
a) Show that S={v1,v2,v3} is an orthonormal basis for R3.
b) Express u = (1,1,1) as a linear combination of the
vectors in S.
c) Find (u)S, the coordinate vector of u relative to S.
d) Show that the norm of u is equal to the norm of (u)S.

62

Example 3:solution
Solution:

63

Example 3:solution

64

Orthogonal projection
Thm 6.3.4 Projection Theorem
If W is a finite-dimensional subspace of an inner product
space V, then every vector u in V can be expressed in
exactly one way as
u = w1 + w2 where w1 is in W and w2 is in W.
w1 = projW u = orthogonal projection of u on W
w2 = projW u =component of u orthogonal to W

65

Orthogonal Projection
Thm 6.3.5
Let W be a finite-dimensional subspace of an inner product
space V.

a)If {v1, v2, , vn} is an orthonormal basis for W, and u

is any vector in V, then
Projw u= u,v1v1+ u,v2v2 ++ u,vnvn.
b) If {v1, v2, , vr} is an orthogonal basis for W, and u is
u, v

1 then
anyproj
vector
in
V,
u

v
w
2 1

v1

u, v2
v2

v2 ...

u, vr
vr

vr

Thm 6.3.6
Every nonzero finite-dimensional inner product space has
an orthonormal basis.
66

Orthogonal Projections
Example 4. Let R3 has the Euclidean inner product and let
W be the subspace spanned by orthonormal vectors v1 =
(0,1,0) and v2 = (-4/5,0,3/5). Find the orthogonal
projection of a vector u on W and the component of u
orthogonal to W if u = (1,1,1).
Solution:

67

Example 4:solution

68

Gram-Schmidt Process
Gram-Schmidt Process is used to convert any basis
to an orthogonal basis.
Let V be any nonzero finite-dimensional inner product
space, and {u1, u2, , un} is any basis for V.
An orthogonal basis {v1, v2, , vn} for V can be found as
follows:
Step 1: Let v1 = u1
u2 , v1 v that is orthogonal to v :
Step 2:Construct
a
vector
1
v u
v2
2

v1

u3 , v1
u3 , v2
v3 u3 a vector
v1v3 that 2is orthogonal
v2
Step 3:Construct
to v1 and
2
v1
v2
v2 :
69

Gram-Schmidt Process
Continue in the same manner, after n steps an orthogonal
set of n vectors {v1, v2, . , vn} will be obtained.
Example 5.
Let R3 has the Euclidean inner product. Apply the GramSchmidt process to transform the basis vectors u1 =
(1,1,1), u2 = (0,1,1) and u3 = (0,0,1) into an orthonormal
Solution.
basis {n1,n2,n3}.

70

Example 5:solution

71

Example 5:solution

72

TOPIC 4 :
VECTOR SPACES

4.7 Change of Basis

Linear Algebra II

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

Change of Basis
Let B = {u1, u2, , un} and B = {u1, u2, , un} are
the bases for a vector space V and v V.
If :
1)[v]B is the coordinate vector of v relative to B
2)[v]B is the coordinate vector of v relative to B
3)P is a transition matrix from B to B
then
[v]B = P [v]B
Transition matrix P can be expressed in terms of its
column vector as follows:
P = [ [u1]B | [u2]B | | [un]B ]
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

74

Transition Matrices
Thm 6.5.1
If P is the transition matrix from a basis B to B for a
finite-dimensional vector space V, then P is invertible, and
Q = P-1 is the transition matrix from B to B.
Q=P-1 =[[u1]B | [u2]B | | [un]B ]
Example 6
Consider the bases B ={u1,u2} and B ={u1,u2} for R2.
Given u1=(1,0), u2=(0,1), u1=(1,1) and u2=(2,1), find:
a) The transition matrix from B to B.
b) The transition matrix from B to B.
3
c) [v]B if [v]B = 5

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim

75

Example 6:solution

76

Example 6:solution

77

Example 6:solution

78

End of Texts
TOPIC 4
VECTOR SPACES

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalipah Ibrahim