The Science of Biology

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The Study of Life > The Science of Biology
The Science of Biology
Introduction to the Study of Biology

Scientific Reasoning
The Scientific Method
Basic and Applied Science
Publishing Scientific Work
Branches and Subdisciplines of Biology
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Introduction to the Study of Biology

The unifying concepts of Biology: the cell is the basic unit of life, genes
(consisting of DNA) are the basic unit of heredity, evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of life, organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy,
and all organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
Biology has evolved as a field of science since it was first studied in ancient
civilizations, although modern biology is a relatively recent field.
Science is a process that requires the testing of ideas using evidence gathered
from the natural world. Science is iterative in nature and involves critical thinking,
careful data collection, rigorous peer review, and the communication of results.
Science also refers to the body of knowledge produced by scientific investigation.
Pseudoscience is a belief presented as scientific although it is not a product of
scientific investigation.
Biology: The Study of Life

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A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by experimentation.
A theory is an explanation for a set of observations or phenomena that is
supported by extensive research and that can be used as the basis for further
research.
Inductive reasoning draws on observations to infer logical conclusions based on
the evidence.
Deductive reasoning is hypothesis-based logical reasoning that deduces
conclusions from test results.
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In the scientific method, observations lead to questions that require answers.
In the scientific method, the hypothesis is a testable statement proposed to
answer a question.
In the scientific method, experiments (often with controls and variables) are
devised to test hypotheses.
In the scientific method, analysis of the results of an experiment will lead to the
hypothesis being accepted or rejected.
Sir Francis Bacon

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Basic and Applied Science

The only goal of basic science research is to increase the knowledge base of a
particular field of study.
Applied science uses the knowledge base supplied by basic science to devise
solutions, often technological, to specific problems.
The basic science involved in mapping the human genome is leading to applied
science techniques that will diagnose and treat genetic diseases.
Example of Applied Science

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Publishing Scientific Work

The body of scientific knowledge is recorded in peer-reviewed science journals
which allow other scientists to determine what has been done previously and
where their own research fits in the larger field of study.
A scientific article generally follows the steps of the scientific method: introduction
(background, observations, question), materials and methods (hypothesis and
experimental plan), results (analysis of collected data), and discussion
(conclusions drawn from analysis).
Peer reviewers are other researchers in that field of study who carefully dissect,
analyze, and critique a research article submitted for publication.
Review articles (summaries and commentaries on prior research in a field of
study) also go through the peer-review process.
Scientific Journal
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Branches and Subdisciplines of Biology

Biology is broad and focuses on the study of life from various perspectives.
The branches and subdisciplines of biology, which are highly focused areas, have
resulted in the development of careers that are specific to these branches and
subdisciplines.
Branches of biological study include microbiology, physiology, ecology and
genetics; subdisciplines within these branches can include: microbial physiology,
microbial ecology and microbial genetics.
Forensic Science
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Appendix
The Study of Life
Key terms
applied science The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems.
basic science research done solely to expand the knowledge base
Biology A natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms.
control group a group that contains every feature of the experimental group except it is not given the manipulation that is
hypothesized
forensic Relating to the use of science and technology in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of
law.
genetic engineering the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism
hypothesis a tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further
observation, investigation, and/or experimentation
hypothesis an educated guess that usually is found in an "if...then..." format
peer review The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by
independent researchers to evaluate the contribution, importance, and accuracy of the manuscript's contents.
pseudoscience Any belief purported to be scientific or supported by science that is not a product of scientific investigation.
science A process for learning about the natural world that tests ideas using evidence gathered from nature.
scientific method a way of discovering knowledge based on making falsifiable predictions (hypotheses), testing them, and
developing theories based on collected data
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theory a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly
confirmed through observation and experimentation
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Scientific Journal
Scientific research is published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Wikimedia. "Asian Journal of Marine Sciences." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asian_Journal_of_Marine_Sciences.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Study of Life
Scientists use two types of reasoning, inductive and deductive, to advance scientific knowledge.
Connexions. "The%20Science%20of%20Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44387/latest/ View on Boundless.com
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Example of Applied Science

After Hurricane Ike struck the Gulf Coast in 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service rescued this brown pelican. Thanks to applied science, scientists
knew how to rehabilitate the bird.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44387/latest/Figure_01_01_06.jpg View on Boundless.com
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A Burr
This fruit attaches to animal fur via the hooks on its surface to improve distribution. Velcro is an example of a biomimetic invention which has copied
burrs and uses small flexible hooks to reversibly attach to fluffy surfaces.
Wikimedia. "Bur%20Macro%20BlackBg." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bur_Macro_BlackBg.jpg View on Boundless.com
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A Link Between Basic and Applied Science

The Human Genome Project was a 13-year collaborative effort among researchers working in several different fields of science. The project, which
sequenced the entire human genome, was completed in 2003.
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Forensic Science
This forensic scientist works in a DNA extraction room at the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory at Fort Gillem, GA.
The Study of Life
Biology: The Study of Life

A collection of organisms clockwise from top left: bacteria, koala, fern, toadstool, tree frog, tarantula.
Wikipedia. "Biology organism collage." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biology_organism_collage.png View on Boundless.com
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Sir Francis Bacon

Sir Francis Bacon (15611626) is credited with being the first to define the scientific method.
The Study of Life

The scientific method consists of a series of well-defined steps. If a hypothesis is not supported by experimental data, a new hypothesis can be
proposed.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44387/latest/Figure_01_01_05.png View on Boundless.com
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Paleontology
Researchers work on excavating dinosaur fossils at a site in Castelln, Spain.
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Stromatolites
Stromatolites, sedimentary accretions formed by the actions of cynobacteria, provide fossil evidence of life dating by 3.5 billion years.
Wikimedia. "StromatolitheAustralie2007 7." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StromatolitheAustralie2007_7.jpeg View on Boundless.com
The Study of Life
Phrenology: Dr. Spurzheim's divisions of the organs of phrenology marked externally

Phrenology is a pseudoscience that attempted to determine brain function and personality by analyzing an individual's skull.
Wikimedia. "Dr Spurzheim phrenology chart cph3g04556u." Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Spurzheim_phrenology_chart_cph3g04556u.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Study of Life
Which of the following pieces of information about Sasquatch (Big

Foot) is considered pseudoscience?
A) A detailed report titled "Biology and Ecology of the Sasquatch" that
does not use any peer-reviewed information
B) A news article announcing the physical characteristics of Sasquatch
C) A short story about the history of Sasquatch sightings in America

D) A magazine article asking a scientist's opinion about the existence of
Sasquatch
The Study of Life
Which of the following pieces of information about Sasquatch (Big

Foot) is considered pseudoscience?
A) A detailed report titled "Biology and Ecology of the Sasquatch" that
does not use any peer-reviewed information
B) A news article announcing the physical characteristics of Sasquatch
C) A short story about the history of Sasquatch sightings in America

D) A magazine article asking a scientist's opinion about the existence of
Sasquatch
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
The Study of Life
Which of the following is NOT likely to be studied by a biologist?

test
A) The effects of ocean acidification on marine snails
B) The effect of a moon on a planet's tides
C) The effect of a disease on a pride of lions
D) The effect of temperature on cellular metabolism
The Study of Life
Which of the following is NOT likely to be studied by a biologist?

test
A) The effects of ocean acidification on marine snails
B) The effect of a moon on a planet's tides
C) The effect of a disease on a pride of lions
D) The effect of temperature on cellular metabolism
The Study of Life
Which of the following is a characteristic of a theory but not of a

hypothesis?
A) supported by a large body of evidence
B) revised and rejected
C) continually tested
D) based on previous observations
The Study of Life
Which of the following is a characteristic of a theory but not of a

hypothesis?
A) supported by a large body of evidence
B) revised and rejected
C) continually tested
D) based on previous observations
The Study of Life
Which of the following is an appropriate scientific hypothesis for

the relationship between plant growth and light?
A) Plants will grow better in higher quality light
B) When plants grow, they must have access to light
C) As light wavelength increases, plants will grow more quickly
D) Different species of plants grow to different heights
The Study of Life
Which of the following is an appropriate scientific hypothesis for

the relationship between plant growth and light?
A) Plants will grow better in higher quality light
B) When plants grow, they must have access to light
C) As light wavelength increases, plants will grow more quickly
D) Different species of plants grow to different heights
The Study of Life
A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a

________
A) variable
B) theory
C) control
D) hypothesis
The Study of Life
A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a

________
A) variable
B) theory
C) control
D) hypothesis
OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest
The Study of Life
To improve crop yield, a rancher tries different kinds of fertilizers.

She uses an organic fertilizer on one field and a chemical fertilizer
on another. A third field is not fertilized. The two fertilizers
represent what part of her experiment?
A) The hypothesis
B) The variables
C) The control
D) The predictions
The Study of Life
To improve crop yield, a rancher tries different kinds of fertilizers.

She uses an organic fertilizer on one field and a chemical fertilizer
on another. A third field is not fertilized. The two fertilizers
represent what part of her experiment?
A) The hypothesis
B) The variables
C) The control
D) The predictions
Saylor OER. "BIO101B: Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology Saylor.org Free
Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/courses/bio101b/
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Lola observes that the flowers in her neighbors garden look

healthier than her own. She wonders why that might be and
decides to set up an experiment. What should be her next step?
A) Lola concludes that she needs to water more
B) Lola writes a blog post about her experiment
C) Lola develops a hypothesis to test why
D) Lola changes a variable and runs her experiment again
The Study of Life
Lola observes that the flowers in her neighbors garden look

healthier than her own. She wonders why that might be and
decides to set up an experiment. What should be her next step?
A) Lola concludes that she needs to water more
B) Lola writes a blog post about her experiment
C) Lola develops a hypothesis to test why
D) Lola changes a variable and runs her experiment again
The Study of Life
Which of the following is NOT a step of the scientific method?
A) inquiry
B) hypothesis
C) testing
D) fabricate
The Study of Life
Which of the following is NOT a step of the scientific method?
A) inquiry
B) hypothesis
C) testing
D) fabricate
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The statement that water boils at a higher temperature than

ethanol belongs to which step of the scientific method?
A) experimentation
B) observation
C) theory
D) scientific
The Study of Life
The statement that water boils at a higher temperature than

ethanol belongs to which step of the scientific method?
A) experimentation
B) observation
C) theory
D) scientific
Saylor OER. "Chemistry Saylor.org Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/
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Applied science builds on the foundation of basic science.Which

is an example of basic science?
A) determining the mechanism of DNA replication
B) personal genome analysis
C) development of a malarial vaccine
D) creating brain-controlled prosthetic limbs
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Applied science builds on the foundation of basic science.Which

is an example of basic science?
A) determining the mechanism of DNA replication
B) personal genome analysis
C) development of a malarial vaccine
D) creating brain-controlled prosthetic limbs
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The typical peer-reviewed article follows the scientific method.

The description of how the experiment was set up would be
described in which section?
A) introduction
B) results
C) discussion
D) materials and methods
The Study of Life
The typical peer-reviewed article follows the scientific method.

The description of how the experiment was set up would be
described in which section?
A) introduction
B) results
C) discussion
D) materials and methods
The Study of Life
Miraha is a biologist at a major university. She has exciting results

from her research. Where should she publish the results?
A) Discover Magazine so that the largest number of people can read
about what she discovered
B) her BioDoc blog to get feedback from her buddies
C) the local TV station's talk show so that the people in her college town
will support the university
D) a peer-reviewed journal: her peers will analyze her research to
determine if it is worth publishing
The Study of Life
Miraha is a biologist at a major university. She has exciting results

from her research. Where should she publish the results?
A) Discover Magazine so that the largest number of people can read
about what she discovered
B) her BioDoc blog to get feedback from her buddies
C) the local TV station's talk show so that the people in her college town
will support the university
D) a peer-reviewed journal: her peers will analyze her research to
determine if it is worth publishing
The Study of Life
Which of the following biological fields correctly matches its

description?
A) paleontology: the study of plants
B) zoology: the study of animals
C) botany: the study of fossils
D) forensic science: the study of brain activity
The Study of Life
Which of the following biological fields correctly matches its

description?
A) paleontology: the study of plants
B) zoology: the study of animals
C) botany: the study of fossils
D) forensic science: the study of brain activity
The Study of Life
Attribution
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/biology-613f31f7-f6a5-41b7-a226-2db88f736956
Wiktionary. "pseudoscience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudoscience
Wiktionary. "science." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/science
CONNEXIONS. "Introduction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44386/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
STEVE LOWER'S WEBSITE. "What is pseudoscience?." CC BY http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/pseudosci.html
OER COMMONS. CC BY http://www.oercommons.org/courses/scientific-method-and-dna/view
WIKIPEDIA. "Pseudoscience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience
WIKIPEDIA. "Biology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology
Connexions. "The Science of Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44387/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wikipedia. "theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theory
Wiktionary. "hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypothesis
Wiktionary. "scientific method." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scientific+method
Wiktionary. "applied science." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/applied+science
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/basic-science-01e45ed8-df70-4b6c-a58d-0d03b9e4db75
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Wiktionary. "peer review." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer+review

Connexions. "Themes and Concepts of Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44388/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "genetic engineering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic+engineering
Wiktionary. "forensic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forensic

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The Study of Life > The Science of Biology