Personality psychology

REVIEW

Personality psychology
Also known as personology, is the study of the
person, that is, the whole human individual.
When we think of personality, are actually
thinking of personality differences - types and
traits and the like
The main part of personality psychology
addresses the broader issue of "what is it to
be a person.

PERSONALITY
Characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling and acting.
A persons general style of
interacting with the world
People differ from one another in
ways that are relatively consistent
over time and place

Philosophical assumptions :
Freedom versus Determinism
This is the debate over whether we have
control over our own behavior and
understand the motives behind it (Freedom),
or if our behavior is causally determined by
forces beyond our control (Determinism).
Determinism has been considered
unconscious, environmental, or biological by
various theories.

Philosophical assumptions :
Heredity versus Environment

Main article: Nature versus nurture

Personality is thought to be determined
largely by either genetics and heredity, by
environment and experiences, or by some
combination of the two.
There is evidence for all possibilities.
Contemporary research suggests that most
personality traits are based on the joint
influence of genetics and environment.

Philosophical assumptions :
Uniqueness versus Universality

The argument over whether we are all unique

individuals (Uniqueness) or if humans are
basically similar in their nature (Universality).
Gordon Allport, Abraham Maslow, and Carl
Rogers were all advocates of the uniqueness
of individuals.
Behaviorists and cognitive theorists, in
contrast, emphasized the importance of
universal principles such as reinforcement and
self-efficacy.

Philosophical assumptions :
Active versus Reactive

Do we primarily act through our own initiative

(Active), or react to outside stimuli
(Reactive)?
Behavioral theorists typically believe that
humans are passively shaped by their
environments
whereas humanistic and cognitive theorists
believe that humans are more active.

Philosophical assumptions :
Optimistic versus Pessimistic

Personality theories differ on whether people

can change their personalities (Optimism), or
if they are doomed to remain the same
throughout their lives (Pessimism).
Theories that place a great deal of emphasis
on learning are often, but not always, more
optimistic than theories that do not
emphasize learning.

Structure Of Personality
Concerns how the parts of personality
are organized together into distinct
areas of personality, and what those
relatively stable, long term areas of
personality are.

Personality dynamics
Concern the way in which one part of
personality influences another

Personality development
Perkembangan adalah beragam perubahan baik pada
struktur maupun dinamika yang terjadi selama tahapan
perkembangan individu (sejak bayi sampai mencapai
kematangan/kemasakan)

KEPRIBADIAN dalam Perspektif

Perkembangan
Seiring dengan perubahan fisik, terjadi pula
perubahan psikologis, antara lain perkembangan
kognitif (Piaget), moral (Kohlberg), dan juga
perubahan kepribadian.
Setiap individu memiliki pola perkembangan
masing-masing yang berbeda, sehingga
menghasilkan output kepribadian yang unik

Kepribadian sebagai sebuah

sistem
Kepribadian individu adalah keseluruhan utuh diri
pribadi
Kepribadian dapat digambarkan sebagai sebuah
sistem yang terdiri dari faktor fisik dan
psikologis (kapasitas intelektual, motivasi dan
emosi, ketrampilan hubungan interpersonal dan
sikap kerja).
Sistem fisik dan psikologis bekerja dalam sebuah
lingkungan yang terdiri dari lingkungan fisik dan
sosial (orang tua, keluarga, tetangga, sekolah,
tempat kerja, masyarakat.