Communicating over the

Network

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 2

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 Network Structure
 Define the elements of communication
–3 common elements of communication
• message source
• the channel
• message destination

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 Network Structure
 Describe how messages are communicated
Data is sent across a network in smaller pieces instead of in
one large stream.
Those pieces are called segments.

 Segmentation has two advantages

– multiplexing
– increase of the reliability of the network communication

 Segmentation has one disadvantage

– increase of the complexity of the communication process

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 Network Structure
 The components of a network
–Network components
• hardware
» media
» devices
• software

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 Network Structure
 End Devices and their Role in the Network
–End devices form interface with human network &
communications network
–Role of the end devices or hosts:
• client
• server
• both client and server

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 Network Structure
 Role of an intermediary device
• provides connectivity and ensures data flows
across network
• Examples :
» Network Access Devices (hubs,
Intermediare
Network switches…)
Devices. » Internetworking Devices (routers,…)
» Modems
» ….

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 Network Structure
 Network media
is the channel over which a message travels

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 Network Types
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
- A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a
Local Area Network (LAN)

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 Network Types
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

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 Network Types
 The Internet
The Internet is defined as a
global mesh of interconnected networks (WANs + LANs)

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 Network Types
 Network representations

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
 A protocol is a set of predetermined rules
 The best way to visualize a protocol is to view it as a
stack with layers
– For example: Description face-to-face communication with
layers

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
 Network protocols are used
to allow devices to
communicate
successfully

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
 Protocol suites and industry standards
A protocol suite is
a group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform
a communication function

A standard is
a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the
networking industry and ratified by a standards organization

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
 Different protocols work together to ensure that
messages are received and understood by both parties.
 For example the interaction between a web server and
a web browser

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
 Technology independent Protocols
-Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the
same sets of protocols. This is because protocols specify
network functionality, not the underlying technology to support
this functionality.

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 The benefits of using a layered model
–Benefits include
• assists in protocol design
• fosters competition
• changes in one layer do not affect other layers
• provides a common language

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Protocol and reference
models
A protocol model
provides a model that
closely matches the
structure of a particular
protocol suite.

A reference model
provides a common
reference for
maintaining
consistency within all
types of network
protocols and services.
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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 TCP/IP Mode

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 The Communication Process

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Process of sending and receiving messages

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 The OSI Model  7 layers

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
 Using the OSI-model as a guide, we can see the
different addresses and identifiers necessary at each
layer.

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
 Addressing in the Data link layer

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
 Addressing in the Network layer

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
 Addressing in the Transport layer

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 Summary

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