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Advanced Contact
Chapter Overview
The various advanced solid body contact options will be
discussed in detail in this chapter:
Contact Formulations
Contact Vs.Target, Symmetric/Asymmetric Behaviors
Reviewing results
Pinball Region, Status
Interface Treatment , offset, adjust to touch
Friction
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A. Contact
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Description of Contact:
When two separate surfaces touch each other such that
they become mutually tangent, they are said to be in
contact.
In the common physical sense, surfaces that are in contact
have these characteristics:
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Contact
Target
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Fn
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xp
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Contact Stiffness
F contact
Iteration n
Iteration n+1
Iteration n+2
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Contact Stiffness
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Contact Stiffness
Example showing effect of contact stiffness:
Formulation
Augmented Lagrage
Augmented Lagrage
Augmented Lagrage
Augmented Lagrage
Normal Lagrange
Normal Stiffness
0.01
0.1
1
10
-
Max Deform
Max Eqv Stress
Max Contact Pressure
Max Penetration Iterations
2.84E-03 1%
26.102
1%
0.979
36%
2.70E-04
2
2.80E-03 0%
25.802
0%
1.228
20%
3.38E-05
2
2.80E-03 0%
25.679
0%
1.568
2%
4.32E-06
3
2.80E-03 0%
25.765
0%
1.599
4%
4.41E-07
4
2.80E-03 0%
25.768
0%
1.535
0%
3.17E-10
2
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DOF
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Contact Chattering
Chattering is an issue which often occurs with Normal
Lagrange method
Contact Status
Open
Penetration
Gap
Closed
Normal Lagrange Method
Open
Penetration
Closed
Gap
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Penetration
Penalty-Based Method
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Tangential Behavior
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Formulation
Augmented Lagrange
Pure Penalty
MPC
Normal Lagrange
1
Normal
Augmented Lagrange
Penalty
MPC
Lagrange Multiplier
Yes
Yes
-
Yes
Yes 1
Yes 1
Type
Any
Any
Bonded Only
Any
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Comparison of Formulations
The table below summarizes some pros (+) and cons (-) with
different contact formulations:
Pure Penalty
Augmented Lagrange
Good convergence
May require additional
+ behavior (few equilibrium - equilibrium iterations if
iterations)
penetration is too large
Sensitive to selection of
Less sensitive to
- normal contact stiffness
selection of normal
contact stiffness
Contact penetration is
Contact penetration is
- present and
present but controlled to
uncontrolled
some degree
Useful for any type of
Useful for any type of
+
+
contact behavior
contact behavior
Either Iterative or Direct
Either Iterative or Direct
+
+
Solvers can be used
Solvers can be used
Symmetric or
Symmetric or
+ asymmetric contact
+ asymmetric contact
available
available
Contact detection at
Contact detection at
+
+
integration points
integration points
Normal Lagrange
May require additional
- equilibrium iterations if
chattering is present
No normal contact
+ stiffness is required
MPC
Good convergence
+ behavior (few equilibrium
iterations)
No normal contact
+ stiffness is required
Usually, penetration is
+ near-zero
Contact detection at
nodes
Contact detection at
nodes
No penetration
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Note that some topics, such as symmetric contact or contact detection, will be
discussed shortly
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Comparison of Formulations
For bonded contact, Simulation uses Pure Penalty
formulation with large Normal Stiffness by default.
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Behavior
This means that the Contact surfaces are constrained from
penetrating the Target surfaces and the Target surfaces are
constrained from penetrating the Contact surfaces.
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Behavior
Target Surface
Target Surface
Contact Surface
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If one surface is larger than the other, the larger surface should
be the Target surface.
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Summary
There are some important things to note:
Only Pure Penalty and Augmented Lagrange formulations
actually support Symmetric Behavior.
Normal Lagrange and MPC require Asymmetric Behavior.
Specified Option
Symmetric Behavior
Asymmetric Behavior
Auto-Asymmetric Behavior
Symmetric Behavior
Asymmetric Behavior
Auto-Asymmetric Behavior
Symmetric Behavior
Asymmetric Behavior
Auto-Asymmetric Behavior
Pure Penalty
Augmented Lagrange
Normal Lagrange
Symmetric
Symmetric
Auto-Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Auto-Asymmetric
Auto-Asymmetric
Auto-Asymmetric
Results on Both
Results on Both
Results on Either
Results on Contact
Results on Contact
Results on Contact
Results on Either
Results on Either
Results on Either
Easier to set up
Easier to set up
Let program designate
Efficiency and control
Efficiency and control
User has control
Let program designate Let program designate Let program designate
MPC
Auto-Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Auto-Asymmetric
Results on Either
Results on Contact
Results on Either
Let program designate
User has control
Let program designate
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Reviewing Results
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Contact Surface
Target Surface
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Contact Surface
Target Surface
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Reviewing Results
Symmetric Behavior:
Easier to set up (Default in Simulation)
More computationally expensive.
Asymmetric Behavior:
Simulation can automatically perform this designation (AutoAsymmetric) or
User can designate the appropriate surface(s) for contact and
target manually .
Selection of inappropriate Contact vs.Target may affect results.
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Nodal Detection
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C. Pinball Region
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Pinball Region
The Pinball Region can be thought of as a sphere
surrounding each contact detection point
Pinball radius
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Pinball Region
By specifying a Pinball
Radius, one can visually
confirm whether or not a gap
will be ignored in Bonded
Behavior.
The Pinball Region can also
be important in initial
interference problems or
large-deformation problems.
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D. Interface Treatment
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However, the finite element method does not allow for rigidbody motion in a static structural analysis. If an initial gap
is present and a force loading is applied, initial contact may
not be established, and one part may fly away relative to
another part.
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Contact Offset
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Contact Offset
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Interface Treatment
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Workshop 3A
Contact Stiffness
In this workshop, our goal is to study the effect that contact stiffness specification
has on convergence and result accuracy.
Model Description
3D bolted assembly - 4 parts:
Bracket
Bushing
Nut
Bolt
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This project contains a Design Modeler (DM) geometry file Bolted_Joint_ws03A.agdb and a
Simulation (S) file Bolted_Joint_ws03A.dsdb.
Steps to Follow:
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The solution now converges successfully in 11 iterations and no bisections. This is ideal.
Bisections are a helpful automatic adjustment to achieve a converged solution, but they
are not efficient as all the CPU time from the last successfully converged solution leading
up to the bisection is wasted.
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Consider the following sensitivity study on the effects of changes to contact stiffness:
Algorithm
Penalty
Penalty
Penalty
Penalty
Aug-Lagrange
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
1.000
never
never
never
Cum Iterations
12
14
15
15
15
CPU Time
560
635
682
743
655
149.867
142.876
139.693
139.693
139.693
Contact Penetration(mm)
0.162
0.0155
0.0015
0.0015
0.00151
1.7571
1.6643
1.6539
1.6539
1.6539
For this model, as stiffness increases, contact penetration and the required bolt
pretension adjustment decrease as expected. The maximum pressure also
decreases. This is because the load is redistributing across a larger bearing area
resulting in an overall decrease in maximum bearing pressure on the bushingbracket interface. Notice also the trend toward more iterations and longer run times
as stiffness is increased. It is also worth noting the benefit of using the automatic
stiffness updating tool between iterations to achieve convergence at the default
normal stiffness factor =1.0.
Specifying the right contact stiffness is highly problem dependent and is always a
balance between quality of results (accuracy) and cost (run time).
Based on this study, a normal stiffness factor of 0.10 would be satisfactory. The
Augmented Lagrange algorithm has proven to provide more robust contact solutions
with many applications and is recommended for standard frictionless contact.
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Ftangential Fnormal
Fn
Ft
Fn
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Reviewing Results
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Workshop 3B
Contact Friction
Model Description
3D bolted assembly - 4 parts:
Bracket
Bushing
Nut
Bolt
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Training Manual
This project contains a Design Modeler (DM) geometry file Bolted_Joint_ws03.agdb and a
Simulation (S) file Bolted_Joint_ws03B.dsdb.
Steps to Follow:
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With the addition of contact friction, the results now reflect the correct response to the
bearing load applied to the bushing perpendicular to the bolt axis.
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These results look qualitatively correct, but how accurate are they?
Two basic but important aspects to consider when modeling friction is quality of mesh
(especially on the curved surfaces) and time increment size (substeps) used.
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Now that the model is producing qualitatively correct answers, consider the effect of
mesh refinement in critical areas.
Return to the Project page, highlight the Bolted_Joint_ws03B,friction simulation and
enter the FE Environment to evaluate more closely the mesh quality of this model.
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Plot relevant results and compare qualitatively and quantitatively and with previous run.
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The last simulation is the same model as Bolted_Joint_03B, friction 2 only using smaller
time step size.
This will force the solver to use at least a time step size of 1/10 with a minimum of 1/200
if necessary.
Another useful but expensive option available to help with unconverged solutions
involving friction is activation of full Newton-Raphson with unsymmetric matrices of
elements. NROPT,UNSYMM This offers a more robust formulation of the stiffness
matrix but should only be used to overcome convergence trouble.
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