Dr. Senthilmurugan S.

Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Guwahati - CL204 - Part 17

Heat Exchangers
Basic types of heat exchangers and
application

Outline
Heat Exchanger

5/12/16 | Slide 2

Heat Exchanger Types

Heat Exchanger Analysis Methods
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Fouling, enhanced surfaces
LMTD Method
Effectiveness-NTU Method

Classification of Heat Exchangers

In General
Immiscible
Direct

Gas - liquid
Liquid -Vapor
Double Pipe

Recuperators

Tubular

Spiral Tube
Shell and tube

Over All

Gasketed Plate
Indirect

Plate

Lamella

Fixed matrix
Regenerators

Extended
surface
Disk type

Rotray type
Drum type

5/12/16 | Slide 3

Spiral plate

Plate fin
Tube fin

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to transfer process

Classification according
to transfer process

hot
cold

Indirect contact
type

Direct transfer
type
Storage type
Fluidized bed
Immiscible
fluids

Direct contact
type

Gas-liquid
Liquid-vapor

5/12/16 | Slide 4

hot
Heat storage
medium

cold

Classification according to
number of fluids

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to number of fluids

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Two-fluid

Three-fluid

N-fluid (N) 3)

Classification according to
surface compactness

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to surface compactness

5/12/16 | Slide 6

Gas-to-fluid
liquid-to-liquid and
phase-change

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to transfer process
Double-pipe
Cross flow
Shell and tube
Tubular

Parallel flow
Spiral tube
Helical coil

Classification
Classification according
according to
to
construction
construction

Spiral
Plate coil
Plate type
Printed circuit

Gasketed

PHE

Welded
Brazed

Plate-fin
Extended type
Tube-fin

Ordinary
separating wall
Heat-pipe wall

Rotary
Fixed-matrix
Regenerative
Rotating
Rotating hoods

5/12/16 | Slide 7

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to Flow Arrangements
Counter flow
Parallel flow
Single Pass

Cross flow

Classification
Classification according
according to
to
flow
flow arrangements
arrangements

Split flow
Dived Flow
Cross counter flow
Extended Surface

Cross Parallel flow

Compound flow

Multipass
Shell and tube

Parallel counter flow

Split flow
Divided flow

Plate

5/12/16 | Slide 8

Fluid 1 m passes
Fluid 2 n passes

Classification according to
heat transfer mechanisms

Classification of Heat Exchangers

According to according to heat transfer mechanisms

5/12/16 | Slide 9

Single-phase convection
on both sides
Single-phase convection
on one side, two-phase
convection on other side
Two-phase convection
on both sides
Combined convection
and radiative heat
transfer

HX Classifications

5/12/16 | Slide 10

HX Classifications

Heat Exchanger Types

Concentric tube (double piped)

12

Heat Exchanger Types

Concentric tube (double piped)

One pipe is placed concentrically within the diameter of a larger pipe

Parallel flow versus counter flow

Fluid B
Fluid A

13

Heat Exchanger Types

Shell and Tube

Heat Exchanger
Types

Compact Heat
Exchangers

Heat Exchanger Types

Cross Flow
finned

versus unfinned
mixed versus unmixed

Heat Exchanger Types

Heat Exchanger Types

Heat Exchanger Analysis

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

LMTD
Effectiveness-NTU

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

The overall coefficient is used to analyze heat exchangers. It contains the effect of hot and cold side
convection, conduction as well as fouling and fins.
Rf ,c
Rf ,h
1
1
1

Rw

UA (o hA) c (o A) c
(o A) h (o hA) h

Rf fouling factor

Enhanced Surfaces

Log-Mean Temperature Difference

To relate the total heat transfer rate to inlet and

outlet fluid temperatures. Apply energy balance:

Log-Mean Temperature Difference

We can also relate the total heat transfer rate to the

temperature difference between the hot and cold
fluids.
let T Th Tc
Q UATLM

The log mean temperature difference

depends on the heat exchanger
configuration

Th,in

Th,in
Th,out

Tc,out
Tc,in

Th,out
Tc,out

LMTD Parallel-Flow HX

Q UATLM

TLM

T2 T1

ln( T2 / T1)

Where for Parallel Flow :

T1 Th,1 Tc,1 Th,i Tc,i
T2 Th, 2 Tc, 2 Th,o Tc,o

LMTD Counter-Flow HX

Q UATLM

T2 T1
TLM
ln( T2 / T1)

Where for Counter Flow :

T1 Th,1 Tc,1 Th, i Tc, o
T2 Th,2 Tc,2 Th, o Tc, i
Tlm,CF > Tlm,PF FOR SAME U: ACF < APF

LMTD- Multi-Pass and Cross-Flow

Apply a correction factor to obtain LMTD

Q UATLM

t: Tube Side

TLM FTLM ,CF

LMTD Method

Sizing a Heat Exchanger:

Calculate Q and the unknown outlet

temperature.

Calculate DTlm and obtain the correction

factor (F) if necessary

Calculate the overall heat transfer

coefficient.

Determine A.
The LMTD method is not as easy to use for
performance analysis.

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

Define Qmax
for Cc < Ch
for Ch < Cc
or

Qmax = Cc(Th,i - Tc,i)

Qmax = Ch(Th,i - Tc,i)

Qmax = Cmin(Th,i - Tc,i)

Q = Cmin(Th,i - Tc,i)

q
qmax

Ch (Th ,i Th ,o )
Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

Cc (Tc ,o Tc ,i )
Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

For any heat exchanger:

f(NTU,Cmin/Cmax)

NTU (number of transfer units) designates the nondimensional heat transfer

size of the heat exchanger:

UA
NTU
Cmin

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

31

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Calculate the capacity ratio Cr = Cmin/Cmax and

NTU = UA/Cmin from input data

Determine the effectiveness from the

appropriate charts or -NTU equations for the
given heat exchanger and specified flow
arrangement.

When is known, calculate the total heat

transfer rate

Calculate the outlet temperature.

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

SIZING ANALYSIS

When the outlet and inlet temperatures are

known, calculate

Calculate the capacity ratio Cr = Cmin/Cmax

Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U

When and C and the flow arrangement are

known, determine NTU from the -NTU
equations.

When NTU is known, calculate the total heat

transfer surface area.

The Homework