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Pollution Control
Pollution
Air pollutionis the introduction into
theatmosphereofchemicals,particu
lates,
orbiological
materialsthat
cause discomfort, disease, or death
to humans, damage other living
organisms such as food crops, or
damage
thenatural
environmentorbuilt environment.
Hydrocarbons in SI engine
Hydrocarbons formed by incomplete
combustion of fuel.
The quantity of un - burnt hydrocarbons
depend upon the turbulence and
combustion chamber design.
The oil film and deposit on cylinder
walls absorb fuel during intake and
compression and fuel vapour is
desorbed into the cylinder during the
expansion and exhaust.
Hydrocarbons in CI Engine
The diesel fuel component contain higher
molecular weights on average than the S.I.
engine fuel, resulting in higher boiling and
condensing temperature. HC Particles condense
on the surface of the solid carbon soot generated
during combustion.
A:F ratio is heterogeneous causes local spot of
rich and lean mixture. The fuel mixture do not
find oxygen to react causes in complete
combustion.
A small amount of liquid fuel is trapped at the tip
of the injector nozzle when fuel injection stop.
Particulate
In S.I. Engine particulates are
lead,
organic
particulates
including soot and sulphates.
Fuel containing Sulphur which
oxidized within engine cylinder
form SO2.
Leaded
fuel
emit
lead
compounds.
Soot
emissions(Black smoke) Is a
result of rich mixture.
In C.I. engine, carbonaceous
material (Soot) which some
organic compounds have been
absorbed.
Most
particulates
generate due to incomplete
combustion of fuel.
Effect of Pollutants on
Environment
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
There are some unburned or partially burned
hydrocarbons in the exhaust.
The amount is insignificant from an energy
standpoint, but it is objectionable from the viewpoint
of its odor, its photochemical smog, and from the
standpoint of its having a carcinogenic effect.
The products of photochemical smog cause watering
and burning of the eyes, and affect the respiratory
system, especially when the respiratory system is
marginal for other reasons.
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
4. Incomplete combustion, either partial burning or complete
misfire, occurring when the combustion quality is poor, e.g.
during engine transients when air-fuel, exhaust gas
recirculation, and spark timing may not be adequately
controlled.
All these processes, except misfire, result in unburned
hydrocarbons close to the combustion chamber walls. Mixing
of unburned hydrocarbons with the bulk cylinder gases occurs
during expansion and the exhaust blow down processes.
During the blowdown process a high concentration of
hydrocarbons is released from the cylinder through the
exhaust valve.
During the exhaust stroke the piston pushes most of the
remaining fraction of the cylinder mass with its high
hydrocarbon concentration into the exhaust.
The residual gases in the cylinder thus contain a high
concentration of hydrocarbons.
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
Hydrocarbon emissions from CI engines
Incomplete combustion may be caused by under-mixing or overmixing.
With under-mixing, in fuel-rich zones some fuel particles do not
find enough oxygen to react with, and in the fuel-lean zones
some local spots will be too lean for combustion to take place
properly.
With over-mixing, some fuel particles may be mixed with burned
gases and it will therefore lead to incomplete combustion.
3. A small amount of liquid fuel is often trapped on the tip of the
injector nozzle even when injection stops. This small volume of
fuel is called sac volume.
This sac volume of liquid fuel is surrounded by a fuel-rich
environment and therefore it evaporates very slowly causing
hydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust.
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
The oxides of nitrogen tend to settle on the haemoglobin in the
blood. The most undesirable toxic effect of oxides of nitrogen is
their tendency to join with the moisture in the lungs to form dilute
nitric acid. NOx is one of the primary causes of photochemical
smog (smoke + fog). Smog is formed by the photochemical
reaction as follows:
NO2 + energy from sunlight
NO + 0 + Smog
Monoatomic oxygen reacts with O2 to form ozone (03) as follows:
O + O2
O3
Ozone is harmful to lungs and other biological tissues. It is
harmful to crops and trees. It reacts with rubber, plastics and other
materials causing damage.
Most of the oxides of nitrogen comprise nitric oxide (NO), a small
amount of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and traces of other nitrogen
oxides. These are all grouped together and the group is called NOx.
NOx is mostly formed from atmospheric nitrogen. There are a
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
Some of the NO forming reactions are:
N, O, OH are formed from the dissociation of N2, O2 and H2O vapour at high
temperatures that exist in the combustion chamber (2500-3000 K).
The higher the combustion reaction temperature, the more diatomic nitrogen (N2) will
dissociate to monatomic nitrogen (N) and more NOx will be formed.
At low temperatures, a very small quantity of NOx is created. The flame temperature is
maximum at the stoichiometric equivalence ratio (0 = 1.0) but maximum NOx, is formed
slightly at a lean equivalence ratio (0 = 0.95). At this condition the flame temperature
remains very high but excess oxygen helps in the formation of more NOx. The most
important engine variables that affect NOx emission are the fuel/air equivalence ratio, the
burned gas fraction (EGR and residual gas fractions) and combustion duration within the
cylinder. NOx is reduced in modem engines with fast-bum combustion chambers.
If ignition spark is advanced, the cylinder temperature will be increased and more NOx
will be produced. CI engines with divided combustion chambers and indirect injection
(DI) tend to generate higher levels of Nox.
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
The main aim of catalytic converter is to
convert the harmful gases into the harmless
gases.
The catalytic converter converts harmful
gases like NOx, HC and CO into compounds
like N2, H2 and CO2.
Rhodium is used as reducing catalyst for
converting NOx in the exhaust has into
nitrogen and oxygen.
Platinum and Palladium are used as
oxidation catalyst which changes HC and
CO into Water and CO2.
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATES
The particulates from SI engines are lead, organic particulates including
soot and sulphates. Gasoline may contain some sulphur, which is
oxidized within the engine cylinder to form SO2.
is oxidized to SO3 which combines with water to form a sulphuric acid
aerosol.
Leaded gasolines emit lead compounds. Soot emissions (black smoke)
can result from combustion of overly rich mixtures. In properly adjusted
spark-ignition engines, soot in the exhaust is not a significant problem.
Diesel particulates consist mainly of combustion generated
carbonaceous material (soot) on which some organic compounds have
been absorbed.
Most particulates are generated in the fuel rich zones within the
cylinder during combustion due to incomplete combustion of fuel
hydrocarbons; some particulate matter is contributed by the lubricating
oil.
These are undesirable odorous pollutants. Maximum particulate
emissions occur when the engine is under load. At this condition,
maximum amount of fuel is injected to obtain maximum power from the
engine. It results in a rich mixture and poor fuel economy.
FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATES
As the temperature decreases below 500C during expulsion, the particles become coated with HC
and with traces of other components.
The words particulates and soot are often used synonymously, but there is a difference in nature
between these two emissions.
Dry soot is usually the carbon that is collected on a filter paper in the exhaust of an engine.
The unit of measurement of soot is usually the Bosch Smoke Number, which is assessed by the
reflectance of a filter paper on which the soot has been collected.
Particulates contain more than simply the dry soot; they are the soot particles on which the other
compounds, often the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), have condensed.
The PAH compounds have a tendency to be carcinogenic.
The level of particulates increases with the sulphur content in the fuel. Particulates are measured by
trapping the particles on glass-fibre filter papers placed in a dilution tunnel, and then weighing the
quantity.
MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS
The measurement of exhaust emissions is very important for the control of air pollution
from IC engines.
CO concentrations are measured by infrared absorption,
NO concentrations are measured by chemi-luminescence and
Unburned HC are measured by flame ionization detector.
Non-dispersive Infra-red (NDIR) Analyzer
The NDIR analyzers are used for measuring the concentrations of carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. This device is based on the principle that the infrared energy of a
particular wavelength, peculiar to a certain gas, will be absorbed by that gas. The
infrared energy of other wavelengths will be transmitted by that gas.
Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared energy in the wavelength band of 4 to 4.5 microns (m)
and transmits the energy of the surrounding wavelengths. The carbon monoxide
absorption band is between 4.5 and 5 microns (gm).
NO2* + 02
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATES
A dilution tunnel is used to measure the amount of particulate
present in the exhaust gas from the diesel engine. In the dilution
tunnel, the exhaust gases are diluted with ambient air to a
temperature of 52C or less, and a sample stream from the
diluted exhaust is filtered to remove the particulate material.
The particulate is trapped after dilution because the particulate
gets condensed over the filter at this temperature. The amount of
particulate trapped is obtained by weighing the filter before and
after the experiment.
HARTRIDGE SMOKE-METER
It is based on the principle that the intensity of a light beam is reduced by
smoke which is a measure of smoke intensity. A schematic diagram to
illustrate the principle of this smoke-meter is shown in Figure.
Light from a source is passed through a standard length of a tube where the
exhaust gas sample is continuously supplied from the engine and at the
other end of the tube the transmitted light is measured by a photo-electric
cell.
The photoelectric cell converts the light intensity to an electric signal, which
is amplified and recorded on a meter. The intensity of smoke is expressed in
terms of smoke density. It is defined as the ratio of electric output from the
photoelectric cell when an exhaust sample is passed through the tube to the
electric output when clean air is supplied.
BOSCH SMOKE-METER
It is based on the principle that when a certain quantity of exhaust gas passes
through a fixed filter paper, some smoke smudge is obtained on it, which is a
measure of smoke intensity.
A schematic diagram to illustrate the principle of this instrument is shown in
Figure.
A fixed quantity of the exhaust gas from the engine is introduced into a tube,
where it passes through a fixed filter paper. Depending upon the smoke density,
some quantity of smudge is deposited on the filter paper, which can be
evaluated optically.
A pneumatically-operated sampling pump and a photoelectric unit are used for
the measurement of the intensity of smoke smudge on the filter paper.