Beruflich Dokumente
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October 8, 2014
October 8, 2014
Why Promise ?
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
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Outline of Talk
General Introduction
I
Background and
Motivation
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Motivation
Why Solar Energy?
Atmospheric pollution
Greenhouse gases/global warming
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Global Warming:
Fact or Fiction?
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Theres been
about a 0.8o -0.9o
Celsius (1.4o 1.6o Farenheit)
increase in the
last 130 years.
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Spaceship
Earth:
The
Only
Planet
weve
got!
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Wind Energy
Biomass
Nuclear
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II
The Solar Resource
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The Sun
(X-ray Image in False Color)
-The Source
of (amost) all
energy on
earth
- The driver of
all climate on
earth
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T = 6000o K
max = 500 nm (5000 Angstroms)
Power Output
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Problems
- Dilute
- Intermittent (it would help to have storage! beyond the scope
of this talk)
- Source is highly collimated and constantly moving
- Predominantly low grade thermal
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III
Solar Collection and
Conversion Technologies
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(Active strategies)
THE
SUN
Photovoltaic
Electricity
(PV)
Heat
Solar Thermal
Electricity
Cooling
(A/C and
Refrigeration)
Industrial
Process
Heat
Solar
Cooking
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of solar energy
Easy to install and use
Probably one of the most expensive
forms as well
Photovoltaic panels are about 12% to
20% efficient and cost about $50/ft 2 to
$100/ft2
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Photovoltaic Technologies
Multi-junction cells
High performance (
Very expensive (factors of 10 to 100 more than single crystal)
Need concentration to be economical
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IV
The Role of Concentration
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Role of Concentration*
* Definition: Solar concentration is the process of
collecting sunlight (solar energy) from a large area and
delivering it to a smaller area. The concentration ratio
is the ratio of the collection area to the target area.
To Improve Performance
To Reduce Costs
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V
Nonimaging Optics
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Background
Nonimaging Optics
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Importance for
Solar Energy Collection
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Cgeom = A1/A2
s
c
i
t
Op
Absorbing Aperture, A2
For Cgeom >1 ( i.e. for A2 < A1) the optics must limit the field of view
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Concentration Limit
Cmax
sin
Cmax
n2
sin 2
In two dimensional
(trough-like) geometry
In three dimensional
(cone-like) geometry
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The CPC
BC
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Additional CPC
Designs for
different
absorber
shapes based
on edge-ray
principle
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latitude
angle
Cmax
n
sin
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VI
Early Applications
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Nontracking Collectors
Evacuated CPCs
The Integrated CPC (Evacuated)
Nonevacuated CPCS
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Goal
Combine
Evacuated CPC
Concentrators
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Integrated CPCs
(Evacuated)
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Ultra-High Flux
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05/13/16
Solar Energy
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VII
Recent Developments
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New XCPC
Profile
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Cleveland,T. and M. Ross, High Temperature Performance Evaluation of the XCPC Concentrating
Collector, Preliminary Report from the North Carolina Solar Center, August, 2012
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High Concentration
Photovoltaic Applications
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Concentrating PV system
Facetted Dish, C1 = 116X
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Present Limitations of
Concentrating PV
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Comparison No Mixer/Mixer
Flux Map
Exit Aperture - Refractive Mixer
Flux Map
Entrance of Optical Mixer
1.00
30.00
24.00
18.00
12.00
6.00
0.00
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24.00-30.00
18.00-24.00
12.00-18.00
6.00-12.00
0.00-6.00
0.80
0.60
0.80-1.00
0.60-0.80
0.40-0.60
0.40
0.20
0.20-0.40
0.00-0.20
0.00
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High Concentration PV
Applications
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Progress in PV technologies
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Overview of Problem
The Need for High Concentration
This concept of has been around for some time but has not been
seriously investigated until relatively recently.
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Secondary Concentrator
Options
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Findings
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VIII
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Present Status
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Present Status
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Final Thought
Energy
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Pale Blue
Dot
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Concentration
Proofs of Limit
Role of Concentration
Improved Performance
Reduced Cost
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Spectrally Selective
Absorber Surface
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The Flowline or
Trumpet
Concentrato
r
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Date
Summary of Hi Flux
Measurements
Location
Secondary Measured Total
Flux
(suns)
February
1988
Chicago
March
1989
Chicago
Lens-Oil
filled
Silver
vessel
(n = 1.53)
56,000 +/5000
Solid
Sapphire
84,000 +/3500
DTIRC ( n =
NREL
(Golden CO)
Water Cooled
Reflecting
Silver
CPC - air filled
44 watts
72 watts
1.76)
July Aug
1990
Power
22,000 +/1000
3.5
Kilowatts
(n = 1.0)
Fused Silica
(Quartz)
(n = 1.46
Solar Energy
DTIRC
with
50,000 +/2000
900 Watts
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We describe here some advances in the optical and thermal models for
non-evacuated CPCs and discuss in some detail, the development and
prototype performance testing results for one new design, referred to
here as CPC 2.0.
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Summary
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