INFORMATION

ABOUT NEUCLEAR
POWER PLANTS
AND REACTORS IN
WORLD

COMPILED BY:

TANMOY SARKAR

ROLL:12120078

ANMOL KERKETTA

ROLL:12120013

B.TECH ,7TH SEM METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

NEUCLEAR REACTORS

Anuclear reactor, formerly known as anatomic pile, is a

device used to initiate and control a sustainednuclear chain
reaction.

Nuclear reactors are used atnuclear power plantsfor

electricity generationand inpropulsion of ships.

Some reactors are used to produce isotopes formedicaland

industrialuse, or for production ofweapons-gradeplutonium.
Someare run only for research.

Reactors can be classified as military,commercialand

research reactors

BRIEF HISTORY OF NEUCLEAR

REACTORS:

It was first developed in the 1940s, and during the Second World
War to 1945 research initially focussed on producing bombs by
splitting the atoms of particular isotopes of either uranium or
plutonium.

In the 1950s attention turned to the peaceful purposes of nuclear

fission, notably for power generation.

The large scale use of nuclear power during the 1950s and 1960s
was concentrated in the USA, UK, Russia and Canada.

In the period of exponential growth a total of 423 nuclear

reactors were built from 1966 to 1985 (IAEA 2008).

NEUCLEAR POWER IN WORLD

TODAY

As of February 04, 2016 in 31 countries 442 nuclear power plant

units with an installed electric net capacity of about 384GW are
in operation and 66 plants with an installed capacity of 65 GW
are in 16 countries under construction.

They provide over 11% of the world's electricity as

continuous, reliable base-load power, without carbon
dioxide emissions.

56 countries operate a total of about 240 research

reactors and a further 180 nuclear reactors power some
140 ships and submarines.

WORLD NEUCLEAR POWER

PLANTS

NEUCLEAR SHARE IN ELECTRICITY

GENERATION

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
Nuclear Power Plant

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
Nuclear Power Plant

Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s (TEPCO) Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant in Japan is

currently the world's largest nuclear power plant, with a net capacity of
7,965MW.

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa has seven boiling water reactors (BWR) with a

gross installed capacity of 8,212MW.

The first five units have a gross capacity of 1,100MW each, whereas the
sixth and seventh units have a capacity of 1,356MW each.

The first unit began commercial operation in September 1985 and the
last unit became commercially operational in July 1997.

TEPCO is currently implementing safety measures at the plant to meet

the new safety guidelines set forth by Japan's Nuclear Regulatory
Authority.

Bruce Nuclear Generating Stat

ion

Bruce Nuclear Generating Stat

ion

Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, located in Bruce County,

Ontario, Canada, is the second largest nuclear power plant in the
world.

The 6,234MW (net) nuclear facility is owned by Ontario Power

Generation (OPG) and operated by Bruce Power.

The plant is made up of eight pressurised heavy water reactors

(PHWR) with gross capacities varying from 786MW to 891MW.
The last reactor of the Canadian NPP became commercially
operational in May 1987

Hanul
Nuclear Power Plant (formerly
,
Ulchin)

Hanul
Nuclear Power Plant (formerly
, Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant, which was renamed Hanul Nuclear
Power Plant in 2013, is the largest South Korean nuclear power
Ulchin)
plant.

The plant currently has a gross installed capacity of 6,189MW

and net design capacity of 5,908MW ranking as the fourth largest
NPP in the world.

Phase one of the Hanul NPP was completed in 2005 with six
pressurised water reactor (PWR) units. Two more reactors are
being added to Hanul as part of the second phase of plant
development.

The two new reactors will have a net capacity of 1,350MW each
and will increase the plant's total net capacity to 8,608MW when
completed in 2018. The gross capacity of the plant will increase
to 8,989MW upon completion of phase two.

Cattenom Nuclear Power

Plant

The 5,448MW (gross) Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant is located in

Cattnom, France. The power plant is owned and operated by EDF.
The net capacity of the plant is 5,200MW, which is similar to that
of Paluel NPP, the seventh largest nuclear power plant in the
world.

Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant consists of four PWRs rated at

1,362MW each. Construction of the plant started in 1979 and
commercial operations began in April 1987. The fourth reactor of
the plant was connected to grid in 1991.

The Cattenom nuclear facility uses water from the Moselle River.
Unit four of the plant has been kept under an inspection since
February 2013. The power transformers of unit one and unit
three of the plant caught fire in June 2013.

Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant

People's Republic of China is home to the tenth largest operational

nuclear power station in the world - the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant.

Located in Haiyan County in the Zhejiang province, the Qinshan NPP

has a gross installed capacity of 4,310MW and a net capacity of
4,038MW.

Construction of Qinshan NPP commenced in 1985. The plant became

operational in 1992. It is currently operating with seven reactors,
including two PWRs and two PHWRs. The operating units were built in
three different phases.

The plant's owner China National Nuclear Corporation is currently

undertaking further expansion to add two more units of 1,000MW
each to Qinshan.

Fukushima Daini Nuclear

Power Plant

Fukushima Daini Nuclear

Power Plant

Fukushima Daini or Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant in Japan

would have ranked as the tenth largest nuclear power plant in
the world if operational. The four reactor units of the Fukushima II
were automatically shutdown in the event of Great East Japan
Earthquake in March 2011.

The 4,268MW (net) plant is owned and operated by TEPCO. The

plant consists of four BWR units with gross capacity of 1,100MW
and net capacity of 1,067MW each.

The powerful tsunami waves triggered by the 9.0 magnitude

undersea earthquake caused meltdowns at three reactors in the
Fukushima Daiichi NPP. Fukushima Daini survived the disaster
because of the emergency shutdown of its reactors.

NEUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

WORLDWIDE

NEUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

WORLDWIDE

INDIA BY 2020

Indias target is to have 14.5 GWe nuclear capacity on line by

2020 as part of its national energy policy.

These reactors include light- and heavy water reactors as well as

fast reactors. In addition to the 21 on line, six power reactors are
under construction, of both indigenous and foreign design, and
including a 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor.

This will take India's ambitious thorium programme to stage 2,

and set the scene for eventual utilization of the country's
abundant thorium to fuel reactors.

USA LEADING THE WAY

In the USA, there are five reactors under construction, four of

them new AP1000 designs.

One of the reasons for the hiatus in new build in the USA to date
has been the extremely successful evolution in maintenance
strategies.

Over the last 15 years, changes have increased utilization of US

nuclear power plants, with the increased output corresponding to
19 new 1000 MW plants being built.

WORLD OVERVIEW:
CHINA

The Chinese government plans to increase nuclear generating

capacity to 58 GWe with 30 GWe more under construction by
2020.

China has completed construction and commenced operation of

28 new nuclear power reactors over 2002-15, and some 24 new
reactors are either under construction.

These include the world's first four Westinghouse AP1000 units

and a demonstration high-temperature gas-cooled reactor plant

RUSSIA

Russia plans to increase its nuclear capacity to 30.5 GWe by

2020, using its world-class light water reactors.

A large fast breeder unit has started up, the country's second,
and development proceeds on others, aiming for significant
exports.

An initial floating power plant is under construction, with delivery

due in 2017.

EUROPE:

Finland and France are both expanding their fleets of nuclear

power plants with the 1650 MWe EPR from Areva, two of which
are also being built in China.

A UK government energy paper in mid-2006 endorsed the

replacement of the countrys ageing fleet of nuclear reactors with
new nuclear build, and four 1600 MWe French units are planned
for operation by 2023. The government aims to have 16 GWe of
new nuclear capacity operating by 2030.

Poland is developing a nuclear program, with 6000 MWe planned.

Estonia and Latvia are involved in a joint project with established
nuclear power producer Lithuania. Belarus has started
construction of its first two Russian reactors.

ASIA:

South Korea has four new reactors under construction and has
placed orders for eight more. It is also involved in intense research
on future reactor designs.

Vietnam intends to have it first nuclear power plant operating about

2023 with Russian help and a second soon after with Japanese
input. Indonesia and Thailand are planning nuclear power programs.

Bangladesh has contracted with Russia to build its first nuclear

power plant. Pakistan with Chinese help is building three small
reactors and preparing to build two large ones near Karachi.

Kazakhstan with its abundance of uranium is working closely with

Russia in planning development of small new reactors for its own
use and export.

MIDDLE EAST:

The United Arab Emirates is building four 1450 MWe South

Korean reactors at a cost of over $20 billion and is collaborating
closely with IAEA and experienced international firms. Irans first
power reactor is in operation, and more are planned.

Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Egypt are also moving towards

employing nuclear energy for power and desalination.

AFRICA:

South Africa is committed to plans for 9600 MWe of further

nuclear power capacity.

Nigeria has sought the support of the International Atomic Energy

Agency to develop plans for two 1000 MWe reactors.

NEW COUNTRIES:

In September 2012 the International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) expected seven newcomer countries to launch nuclear
programs in the near term.

It did not name these, but Lithuania, UAE, Turkey, Belarus,

Vietnam, Poland, and Bangladesh appear likely candidates.

Others had stepped back from commitment, needed more time

to set up infrastructure, or did not have credible finance.

Nuclear Plant Future

The countries of the world are each planning their own course of
nuclear plant development or decline

Nuclear power is competitive with natural gas

It is non-polluting

It does not contribute to global warming

Obtaining the fuel only takes 5% of the energy output

Plant licenses have been extended from 20 years to an additional

20 years

Nuclear Plant Future

Newer designs are being sought to make them more economical

and safer

Preapproval of a few designs will hasten development

Disposal of high level radioactive waste still being studied, but

scientists believe deep burial would work

Because they are have large electrical output, their cost at $2

billion is hard to obtain and guarantee with banks

Replacing plants may be cheaper using the same sites and

containment vessels

THE END