4 WDM Technology Basics

WDM Basics
Carsten Mller
CSSC Enabling, Delhi June, 9th-13th
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Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Transparent Optical Networks
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
Problem Statement:
How to interconnect ?
when having fiber shortages ?
capacity
?
The
famouslimitations
transmission
cloud
covering metro, regio, long and
ultra long distances ?
When hearing the term network many people think about some
IP routers inteconnected by the famous transmission cloud
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Whats behind? looking into the cloud ...
Physical
Logical connections
Fully service/protocol transparent no change of payload or overhead information

Reach extension using Forward Error Correction
QoS feature - performance management for multi carrier networks
Carriers' carrier business model - separating customers by wavelength
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Master reference transport network

Services
Subscriber
Edge
Access
Aggregation
Provider Edge/
IP Service
Edge
Core
Service Core
Applications
DSLAM
HSI
Residential
SGSN
Edge Router
HGW
PON OLT
VOICE
LL,
VPN
HSPA
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Softswitch
Any Media
BRAS/BNG
NG Metro Core
Gateway
Any Server,
Multi-haul
DWDM
Business
Any
NG Metro
PON
Splitter
IPTV,
VoD
IP/MPLS Core
including dataless
front end
CE switch
CE Switch
Multi-haul
DWDM
VoIP Application
MWR
BTS/NB
Server (generic)
Carrier
Ethernet
Switches
Mobile GW
Carrier Ethernet Core
MSC
Any Register or
Database
What is WDM?
WDM means Wavelength Division Multiplexing
It is Frequency Domain Multiplexing at optical frequencies (~200 THz)
It can be divided into
Dense WDM (DWDM), channel spacing ~10 channel bandwidth (e.g.
200, 100, 50 GHz grid)
Coarse WDM (CWDM), channel spacing >> channel bandwidth (e.g.
channels at 1310 nm, 1480 nm, 1550 nm, 1625 nm)
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How Does it Work? School Physics Lesson ...
White Light
Spectrum
Glass Prism
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WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Spectrum
White Light
Glass Prism
Glass Prism
Each coloured wavelength represents one WDM channel

Multiplexing of separate signals on same fiber
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light
Cosmic radiation X ray radiation UV radiation
Frequency (Hz)
1020
1018
IR radiation
1016
Communications radiation
Microwave,
radar 10
1012
10
1014
(1 THz)
(1 pm)
(1 nm)
Wavelength (m) 10-12
10-9
10-6
TV VHF SW
108
(1 GHz)
106
(1 MHz)
(1 mm)
(1 m)
(100 m)
10-3
100
102
C0= 300 000 km/s

C=lxf
l = wavelength
f = frequency
Visible
light
Fiber transmission
wavelength range
1600 nm
0.4
0.5 0.6
0.7
0.8 0.9 1.0

850
1.1
1.2
1.3
13101410 150015501650 nm
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mm
E S C L U Band
2.5
Water drop
absorption
1.5
L - band
2.0
C - band
Attenuation (dB/km)
Optical Fiber Attenuation
1530 1560
1.0
1620nm
Dense WDM (DWDM) Region
0.5
0
800
900
1000 1100 1200
1300 1400
1500
1600
Wavelength (nm)
Coarse WDM (CWDM) Region

0.2 dB/km in case of water would make it possible to watch the ground of the Pacific Ocean
from the surface
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DWDM Blue & Red Band

0.8 nm
100 GHz Grid
Individual
Red Band
C10 C09
C08
DWDM Channels
C07
C06
C05
C04
Blue Band
C03
C02
C01 Subband
OSC
1560.61
192.1
C Band
1529.55
196.0
Blue band higher frequencies, red band lower frequencies
1510.0 nm
198.6 THz
just like the rainbow

40 channels 100 GHz grid; 80 channels 50 GHz grid in C-Band
OSC: Optical Supervisory Channel in 1510nm (higher attenuation)
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Long Distance Transport W/O WDM

SDH/Sonet Mux
SDH/Sonet repeater
SDH/Sonet Mux
IP router
SDH/Sonet
GbE
Electrical repeaters and one fiber pair for every channel drive up cost
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WDM - Passive Single Span Systems

SDH/Sonet Mux
SDH/Sonet Mux
WDM Mux
(passive)
WDM Mux
(passive)
3
IP router
Coloured interfaces
4
Multiple channels use same fiber pair

Application: e.g.CWDM, up to 80km @ 2.5G
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Transponder
SDH/Sonet Mux
SDH/Sonet Mux
WDM Mux
(passive)
WDM Mux
(passive)
3
IP router
4
Transponder
Transponder
Grey interface
Coloured interfaces
Transponders are used to convert the grey signal to the right wavelength,
coloured interfaces provide the correct wavelength
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Active Single Span Systems

SDH/Sonet Mux
SDH/Sonet Mux
DWDM
Mux Amplifier
Amplifier
DWDM
Mux
3
IP router
Coloured interfaces
4
Multiple channels use same fiber pair

Application: unrepeatered submarine systems, up to 400km @ 10G
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Active Multiple Span Systems

Amplifier
IP router
Coloured interfaces
Inline amplifiers
Amplifier
All channels use the same amplifiers

up to 80 channels, up to 3000km @ 10G
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Active Multiple Span Systems
3R regenerator
OEO conversion
IP router
OEO Optical/Electrical/Optical conversion
Extremely long links or 40G applications may require 3R regeneration

Re-Amplification / Re-Shaping / Re-Timing
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Meshed Optical Network
(R)OADM
(R)OADM/PXC
(R)OADM (Remote configurable) Optical add/drop

multiplexer
PXC Photonic Cross Connect
Various optical paths use common infrastructure

Arbitrary topology up to full optical mesh
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Basic Definitions of a DWDM Link

OTT
Optical
Transmission
Terminal
OLR
(R)-OADM
OTT
optical line (remotely) configurable
Optical
repeater
optical add-drop
Transmission
(amplifier)
multiplexer
Terminal
nx
span
span
span
spur link
multi-degree
node
OTT
Optical
Transmission
Terminal
DWDM link
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nx
Client Services
- Sonet/SDH
- Ethernet/IP
- multirate services
- Storage Area
Network
nx
Client Services
- Sonet/SDH
- Ethernet/IP
- multirate services
- Storage Area
Network
Schematic of Basic Transmission Setup ...
OADM (local add/drop)

Cross connections
Transponder
TX
...
TX
TX
TX
TX
OADM
Add/Drop Module
Booster
TX
TX
OLR
OTT
...
In-line
amplifier
Transponder
OTT
TX
Pre-Amp
TX
...
transmission lines
TX
TX
TX
...
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
demux
Multiplexer
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optional
Raman
mux
TX
Demultiplexer
Amplifier based on EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)
with optional pumps / Raman pumps
... and How it Looks Like in Reality
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Optical Channel Transport Unit OTU

Column
1
Row
1
14 15 16 17
3824
OTU Overhead
OPU payload
(4 x 3808 bytes)
OPUOverhead
2
3
4
FEC/EFEC
OTU
similar to SDH frame structure
OTU provides Forward Error Correction (FEC) processing
OTU-1: 2,67G
OTU-2: 10,7G
OTU-3: 43G
Multi-vendor interworking
Carrier grade performance management
Mapping example (fully transparent, important for router interconnection):

10GE:
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ETH -> GFP-T -> OPU2 -> ODU2-> OTU2 -> OCh
The Theory Behind: ITU-T Recommendations on

Optical Transport Network Network Node Interface OTN NNI (G.709)
OTN
Domain A
Client IF
3R
1R
1R
3R
IaDI
OTU
1R
Domain B
IrDI
3R
3R
OTU
OTU
ODU Tandem Connection (TC)
3R
IaDI
OTU
1R
Client IF
3R
OTU
ODU TC
ODU Path (end-to-end)
ODU/OTU for IntraDomain/InterDomain Interface (IaDI/IrDI)

Optical Channel Data Unit ODU:
end-to-end network entity of the OTN; multiple TCM levels
IrDI with ReedSolomon(255,239) FEC acc. G.709 between optical domains;
IaDI with FEC/EFEC code as discussed in G.709 in one optical domain
OTN Tutorial to be found on http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com15/otn/OTNtutorial.pdf
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
Signal Quality Degradation in Optical Systems

Attenuation
Noise
Dispersion
Non-linear effects
MUX
DEMUX
Signal degradation
Improvements in DWDM systems
Bit rates increase

Channel counts increase
Channel and total optical power increase
System reach increases
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Higher sensitivity
Smaller channel spacing
Higher crosstalk
Stronger nonlinear effects
Simple optical transmission link
DWDM-Mux
Booster
Pre-amp
DWDM-Demux
100 km of fiber
5 Erbium doped fiber amplifiers

(EDFAs)
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DCM
(Dispersion Compensation
Module)
Attenuation: Fiber loss in C-band

Example: Standard Single Mode Fiber (G.652)
10% loss variation
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Amplification, EDFA gain

Example: EDFA from JDS Uniphase
ripple: 0.5 dB per EDFA
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Receive spectrum
... after 100 kilometers of fiber and 5 EDFAs
by VOAs or
fixed attenuators
Pre-emphasis is spectral performance equalization.

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Simple optical transmission link with pre-emphasis
DWDM-Mux
Booster
Pre-amp
DWDM-Demux
100 km of fiber
Attenuators
VOA (O08VA) or
fixed attenuator cables
DCM
The spectral performance equalization is done on the transmission side!

Therefore: Pre-emphasis (as opposed to de-emphasis).
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OSNR (Optical Signal to Noise Ratio) performance

55 km
100 km
80 km
Signal Power (channel)
Noise Power (channel)

OSNR
OSNR Performance
OSNR Requirements
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OSNR performance (link with Raman amplifiers)

55 km
100 km
160 km
Raman Pump
Signal Power (channel)
Noise Power (channel)
OSNR Performance
OSNR Requirements
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OSNR
Margin
Chromatic Dispersion
Wavelength depending propagation speed of light.
c fiber
1
n( )
c0
Modulation of the optical carrier frequency broadens the optical spectrum.
l ~ 1 / modulation frequency
Different spectral components of a pulse propagate at different velocities.
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0 km
puls
e
time
prop
aga
ti
Intensity
Intensity
Bits overlap and interfere.
on
200 km
time
Dispersion Aspects
pulse
propagation
Chromatic dispersion: Wavelength dependent propagation

Optical fiber
Tx
All wavelengths
transmitted at the
same time
Rx
Dispersion causes
some wavelengths
to delay
Different
wavelengths arrive
at different times
Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD): Phase dependent propagation
PM
D
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De
lay
Compensating chromatic dispersion with DCFs
Dispersion Compensation Modules (DCMs) as purely passive card
DCF Dispersion Compensated Fiber is fiber with negative dispersion
Drawback: Insertion loss and time delay
Tunable dispersion compensator for 40G (small range)
DCF fiber spool
FBG
DCF is just additional inserted fiber with negative dispersion
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Compensating chromatic dispersion with FBGs
DCMs as purely passive card (Circulator, FBG, EPROM for card label data)
Low insertion loss reduces overall amplifier loss
Low time delay allows easier design for transient performance
FBG
FBG Fiber Bragg Grating
Inherently low loss and time delay allow

to reduce amplifier power, thus cost; drawback: limitations for 40G
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Compensating Polarization Mode Dispersion

(PMD)
PMD is especially critical for high bit rates such as 40G/100G
Electrical PMD Compensator is able to compensate up to 8 ps (incl. 40G

transponder card)
PMD
Compensator
FBG
DCF is just additional inserted fiber with negative dispersion
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Non-Linear Effects Four Wave Mixing

Main effect: Four Wave Mixing (FWM):
Before Transmission:
After Transmission:
Non linearities appear especially

when
high amplifier output power is used

wavelength travelling with same
speed (almost no dispersion)
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Other Non-Linear Effects

Self-Phase Modulation (SPM):
Parts of the light impulse travel slower
than others.
Main effect signal distortion.
Cross-Phase Modulation (CPM):

The refraction index is influenced by the overall power of all the channels.
Hence, the signal of a channel will be slowed down or speeded up when
another channel is transmitting simultaneously.
Main effect is channel/wavelength crosstalk
Many other non linear effects, e.g. scattering etc.
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Transient performance
Fiber break
11 channels (through)
was 12 channels
was 12 channels
now 1 channel
Power drop within microseconds !

The remaining traffic must not be affected !
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Optical Fiber Types

Light Intensity
Distribution
Core
Amplitude
Cladding
Coating
Radius
Core
MFD
Mode Field Diameter
ITU-T G.652: Standard single-mode fiber (SSMF)

ITU-T G.653: Dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber (DSF)
ITU-T G.655: Non-zero-dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber (NZ-DSF)
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Optical Fiber Types for DWDM

Waveguide due to total reflection
Typical values:
Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF) G652 (preferred):
Loss: 0,21 dB/km
Dispersion (CD):16,8 ps/nm/km PMD: 0,1 ps/sqrt(km)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) G.653:

Loss: 0,23 dB/km
Dispersion (CD): 0 ps/nm/km PMD: 0,2 ps/sqrt(km)
Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF+) G.655:

Loss: 0,225 dB/km
Dispersion (CD):4,2 ps/nm/km PMD: 0,1 ps/sqrt(km)
Especially old fiber shows high loss and PMD

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Fiber Dispersion Characteristics and

Optical Amplifier Bands
25
S- Band
C- Band L- Band
(in the lab) (used today)(used today)
Dispersion [ps/ nm km]
20
Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF)

G.652
Alcatel TeraLight *
15
Corning LEAF *
Lucent TrueWave *
(Pirelli FreeLight *)
Lucent TrueWaveRS *
10
5
Dispersion Shifted Fiber G.653

Corning LS *
0
-5
-10
1250
* Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber

ITU-T G.655
1300
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1350
1400
1450
1500
Wavelength [nm]
1550
1600
1650
Performance Limiting Nonlinear Fiber Effects

in DWDM Systems (10 Gbit/s channel data rate)
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S- Band
C- Band
L- Band

G.652
Dispersion [ps/ nm km]
20
15 Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
Alcatel TeraLight *
Corning LEAF *
Lucent TrueWave *
(Pirelli FreeLight *)
Lucent TrueWaveRS *
10
5
0
Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber G.653

Corning LS *
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
-5
-10
1250
* Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber

ITU-T G.655
1300
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1350
1400
1450
1500
Wavelength [nm]
1550
1600
1650
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
WDM Networks Come in Different Topologies
Point-to-Point, protected (OMSP)
Point-to-Point
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
DWDM Ring
...
Meshed Optical Cross Connects
...
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Logical and Physical Topology may be Different

(1/2)
l2
l1
West
Transponder
l3
East
East
West
l1
l3
Traffic relation = star
East
West
East
West
l2
Transponder
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Transponder
Logical and Physical Topology may be Different

(2/2)
l1
l2
l3
l6
East
West
l4
West
l3
East
Traffic relation=
meshed
West
East
West
l1
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l4
l5
East
l6
l2
l5
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
Legacy Network
3R/OEO for
Regeneration
lambda-switching
Grooming
Termination
High number of OEO conversions due to

Low reach requiring regeneration
Wavelength switching applications always involve OEO of all channels
Channel upgrade requires new equipment at all nodes
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... or in terms of car traffic:

Why would you take each exit out/in on the highway?
Instead take the express lane!

London
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Manchester
The Concept of Transparent Optical Networking
Photonic
Switch core
Add/Drop for
- Service termination
- Grooming
- 3R / -conversion
Photonic switch core: Bypass through traffic

Avoid OEO conversion that does not generate revenue
Allow for rapid provisioning of new wavelengths in minutes.
New Hardware only at end points
Collapsing of layers: one optical layer for regional, LH and ULH
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Transparent Optical Networking

Agile Photonic Networking
Interconnection nodes / PXC
enable a true optical (transparent)

mesh network
(R)OADMs to flexibly add/drop
traffic at interim stations
Flexible multi-haul platform to
address different distance/bandwidth
requirements
routing capable planning tool
G.709 OTH support for end-to-end
management and performance
monitoring for all services
... results into
Reduced OEO conversion

Minimum CapEx for initial build
due to future-proof and scalable

network design
Minimum human effort for service
provisioning and operation
... drastically reduces CapEx and OpEx
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
WDM Networks Come in Different Flavors
80
Wavelengths
Long Haul
40
Regional
Metro
Distance
100-200km
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100-1000km
600-3000km
WDM Networks Come in Different Flavors
80
40
Wavelengths
g
it/km Long
inHaul
b
k
r
r
o
e
tw
tp
l ne
co s
a
t
c
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t
s
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op
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h
n
s
Low
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re
s pa
s, m
n
idth
C
a
w
r
X
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P
n
,
d ba
D Ms
n
A
a
O
h
(R
reac
e
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lab
Sca
tion
a
c
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app
r
e
M
WD
st p
o
D
c
d
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es t
Ma
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Low
W
s
C
rvice
ers Regional
ixed
t
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l
i
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M
f
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Metro sible
s
s an
r
o
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p
i
f
l
li
Al
am p
r
a
l
odu
M
s)
and
b
b
(su
100-200km
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100-1000km
Distance
600-3000km
IP Transport - Providing all Building Blocks to

Implement NGN Network Connectivity
Service Core / Applications
2G/2.5G
3G
fixed
mobile
WIMAX
LTE
wireless access
SDH/PDH
DSL
Eth
PON
2G/3G/..
fixed access
Core Network
Microwave Radio PDH, SDH

NG Metro (NG SDH, MSPP)
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multi-reach DWDM
IP Core and Edge Routers,
Multi-Service Routers for RAN *
Application I
Fiber & Capacity Shortage

Router or SDH Mux
1
10G
1
10G
1
2.5G
Router or SDH Mux

10G
10G
10G
10G
2.5G
2.5G
3 fiber pairs
22.5G total capacity
standard lasers, 1550 nm/grey
Router or SDH Mux
Router or SDH Mux
WDM System
1 - 3
10G
1 fiber pair
22.5G total capacity
2.5G
10G
coloured lasers, 1530-1564 nm

or standard grey lasers with transponder
Saving optical fibers while keeping overall transmission capacity

Saving of electrical regeneration point on long distances, up to 3000km
Creating "virtual fibers" on one physical fiber pair by using different wavelengths ()
Virtually unlimited transmission capacity (up to 40G per , 80 per fiber, 3.2 TBit/s)
Security QoS feature - service separation by wavelength
Network convergence - service/protocol transparency of DWDM
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Application II
Router Interconnection, e.g. IP/MPLS Backbone

IP/MPLS backbone with WDM
IP/MPLS backbone
Site 3
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 1
Site 6
Site 2
Site 4
Site 5
Site 1
Site 6
DWDM network with 2.5G/10G/40G per
Fully service/protocol transparent no change of payload or overhead information

Reach extension using Forward Error Correction
QoS feature - performance management for multi carrier networks
Application e.g. for mobile backbone networks
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Application III
Metro : Ethernet services / access aggregation CWDM

DWDM
hiT7300
Residential
customers
CWDM access
aggregation ring
DSLAM
Carrier
Ethernet
Transport
DSLAM
DSLAM
service/protocol transparency
low-cost filter integrated in patch cord
proven transponder-less interworking
aggregation of various services: Ethernet, SDH, video etc.
no power required
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Business
customers
Benefits of DWDM Transport

Capacity and distance
Technology offering information transport for lowest price per bit/km
Enormous reach (beyond 3000km) and capacity (3.2 Tbit/s)
Transparent transport on independent parallel channels
Mixture of different interface speeds (50M, 2.5G, 10G, 40G) or signal protocols
(Ethernet, Sonet/SDH, SAN, ...) per channel
converged multi-service transport platform
Physical separation of parallel signals high security
Easy to support additional channels on already existing link
incremental growth as needed
Information transport by light in a dielectric
No interaction with environment (electrical, magnetic, optical)
eavesdropping difficult, less noise
No metal in cables high lifetime, no corrosion, not effected by lightning
Channel capacities are not limited by electronics
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WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
Nokia Siemens Networks Planning Tool TransNet

Much More Than Adding up OSNR Margins
Network simulations consider physical effects

Such as dispersion, non-linear effects, OSNR and
component aging up to full channel count
Benefit: Guaranteed end-of-life performance without
unnecessary margins (CAPEX optimizer)
Advanced routing algorithms
Map meshed traffic demands to links and wavelengths
Benefit: Use up to 30% less wavelengths in a mesh
scenario
Input for ordering, installation and commissioning
LOM, cabling plan, card placement, commissioning
parameters
Benefit: automation of planning, ordering, commissioning;
speeding up processes, and eliminating faults
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Essentials for Designing a DWDM-Network

Topology, fiber data
Fiber type, distance, attenuation, dispersion, PMD, aging margin ...
Measured data is best. Exaggerated attenuation values are
counterproductive
Between any two points which need to connected
Possible amplification sites
Traffic requirements
What sites are to be connected with what signals?
What kind of protection?
Upgrade requirements
Topology (further links? Drop channels at repeater station?)
Channel count for end of life scenario
Channel speed
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TransNet: Example
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Advantages of Nokia Siemens Networks DWDM Planning

Tool TransNet
Planning tool with wavelength routing and physical link simulation
Verified in extensive lab tests
Planning results work in reality including ageing margins,
also for full channel load and longest possible links
Customer version of planning tool is available
Criteria for Planning Quality
Dispersion compensation identical in planning and reality
No trial and error during installation; EOL performance guaranteed
Planned launch power will support full channel load
(i.e. influence of non-linear effects is considered)
Guarantee for operation with full channel load
Light paths can be modified with few steps on the complete network
A planning tool simulating dispersion, non-linear effects and
OSNR is a MUST for a reliable DWDM LH network
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Who uses SURPASS TransNet ?

Technical Sales
(network planning from budgetary offers to order placement)
Commissioning Engineers
(configuration adjustments during installation)
Customers
(channel upgrade planning, definition of network extensions)
Sales
(as the customers direct contact person )
R&D
(simulating the network impact of component modifications)
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Network planning work flow

Customer provides
Topology
Tender
(DWDM Network Requirements)
Traffic
This needs to be entered into

SURPASS TransNet first !!!
Generic Requirements
(in TransNet called: Properties)
Engineering the network solution

List of Material (LoM)
Configuration
Performance Analysis
Commissioning Files
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The three phases of network design
1.
Entering the network into the planning tool
2.
Engineering the network solution
3.
Reporting the design results
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Phase 1: Network Entry

... again three categories
1.
Topology
2.
Traffic
3.
Generic Requirements
Examples:
40G ready - maximum capacity 32 channels must use tunable lasers - TIF contacts required ...
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Fiber types
G.652
G.653
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)
G.654
Cut-off Shifted Fiber
most common fiber type,

supported by hiT7300
very bad for DWDM
transmission
low loss !!!
G.655
Non-zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF)
G.656
Non-zero Dispersion Shifted Wide-band Fiber
For internal use

71
2nd most common fiber

type, supported by hiT7300
optimized for C band,
L-band and CWDM
Summary form for the Generic Requirements
There are 23
DWDM relevant
information items to
be extracted from a
tender document.
For internal use

72
SURPASS TransNet features

SURPASS TransNet calculates the gain and the output power for each amplifier.
In addition, SURPASS TransNet considers:
wavelength dependent fiber loss or other wavelength dependent effects
network element internal losses (e.g. insertion losses of filters)
degradations due to fiber nonlinearities
differences between transponder output power and receiver input power
Furthermore, SURPASS TransNet calculates:
all VOA settings and fixed attenuator values
the correct DCM modules for each node
... and, as we will see, SURPASS TransNet does many things more.
For internal use
73
For internal use

74
WDM Basics
Physical Effects
WDM Topologies
Applications
Planning Tool
Glossary
If you want to know more about optics
ISBN-10: 3-89578-174-6
2002, 196 pages, 174 illustrations,
4 tables, hardcover, 47.90
www.publicis-erlangen.de/books
Also available as Web based training (WBT):

EL4560E Understanding DWDM
For internal use
75
Glossary
ASON
Automated Switched Optical
Network
AWG
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
BOL
Begin Of Life
CAGR
Compound Annual Growth
Rate
CapEx
Capital Expenditure
CD
Chromatic Dispersion
CWDM
Coarse Wavelength
Division Multiplexing
DCN
Data Communication
Network
DPSK
Differential Phase Shift Keying
DQPSK
Differential Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying
DSF
Dispersion Shifted Fiber
DSLAM
Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer
DWDM
Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing
EOW
Engineering Order Wire
FWM
Four Wave Mixing
GFP-T
Generic Framing Procedure
Transparent
For internal use

76
GMPLS
Label Switching
HSPA
Access
ISP
LH
MEMS
Systems
MSPP
Platform
NDA
NE
NG
NZDSF
Fiber
OADM
OC
OCh
ODU
OEO
conversion
OLR
OP
OpEx
Generalized Multi-Protocol
High Speed Packet
Internet Service Provider
Long Haul (up to 1200km)
Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Multi Service Provisioning
Non Disclosure Agreement
Network Element
Next Generation
Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted
Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
Optical Carrier
Optical Channel
Optical Data Unit
Optical/Electrical/Optical
Optical Line Repeater
Orientation Price
Operational Expenditure
Glossary
OPU
OSC
OTH
Optical Payload Unit

Optical Supervisory Channel
Optical Transport
Hierarchy
OTT
Optical Transmission Terminal
OTU
Optical Transport Unit
PDH
Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy
QoS
Quality of Service
PLC
Planar Lightwave Circuit
PMD
Polarization Mode Dispersion
PXC
Photonic Cross Connect
ROADM
Remotely Reconfigurable
Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
ROI
Return On Invest
RPR
Resilient Packet Ring
SAN
Storage Area Network
SDH
Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy
Super-FEC
Super Forward Error Correction
acc. G.975.1
SLA
Service Level Agreement
SONET
Synchronous Optical
Network
For internal use

77
SNMP
Simple Network Management
Protocol
SSMF
Standard Single Mode Fiber
STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode
TCM
Tandem Connection
Monitoring
TMF
Tele Management Forum TIF
Telemetry Interface
ULH
Ultra Long Haul (up to
3000km)
VOA
Variable Optical Attanuator
VoIP
Voice over IP
WSS
Wavelength Selective Switch
XML
Extended Markup Language
3R
Re-Amplification /
Re-Shaping / Re-Timing
Thank You
for Your Attention!
For internal use

78

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WDM Basics

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

Whats behind? looking into the cloud ...

Fully service/protocol transparent no change of payload or overhead information

Presentation / Author / Date

Master reference transport network

Carrier Ethernet Core

Presentation / Author / Date

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

How Does it Work? School Physics Lesson ...

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Each coloured wavelength represents one WDM channel

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

Wavelength (m) 10-12

C0= 300 000 km/s

0.8 0.9 1.0

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

Optical Fiber Attenuation

Dense WDM (DWDM) Region

1000 1100 1200

Coarse WDM (CWDM) Region

Presentation / Author / Date

DWDM Blue & Red Band

Blue band higher frequencies, red band lower frequencies

just like the rainbow

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

Long Distance Transport W/O WDM

Presentation / Author / Date

WDM - Passive Single Span Systems

Multiple channels use same fiber pair

Presentation / Author / Date

Presentation / Author / Date

Active Single Span Systems

Multiple channels use same fiber pair

Presentation / Author / Date

Active Multiple Span Systems

All channels use the same amplifiers

Presentation / Author / Date

Active Multiple Span Systems

OEO Optical/Electrical/Optical conversion

Extremely long links or 40G applications may require 3R regeneration

Presentation / Author / Date

Meshed Optical Network

(R)OADM (Remote configurable) Optical add/drop

Various optical paths use common infrastructure

Presentation / Author / Date

Basic Definitions of a DWDM Link

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

Schematic of Basic Transmission Setup ...

OADM (local add/drop)

For internal use

Presentation / Author / Date

... and How it Looks Like in Reality

For internal use