INTRODUCTION OF PDH:

Defination: The plesiochronous digital hierarchy(PDH)is used

in telecomunications networks to transport large quantites of
data over digital transport equipment such as fiber optic and
microwave radio system.

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

MULTIPLEXING HIERARCHY

The PDH high capacity transmission networks are based on a

hierarchy of digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
The basic building block is the primary rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1).
This could be made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels. This would
then be multiplexed up to a higher rate for high capacity
transmisson.
Four signals at the primary rate can be multiplexed up to the
secondary rate, E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate of 139
Mb/s (E.4).
Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x 2.048 Mb/s signals and
1920 multiplexed voice channels.

DISADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF

PDH:
o

Homogeneity of equipment.

Problem of channel segregate.

The problem cross connection of channel.

Inability to identify individual channel in a higher order bit stream .

Insufficent capacity for network management.

Theres no standardised definition of PDH bit rates grater than 140

Mbit/s.

Most PDH network management is propriety.

There are different hierarchies in used around the world. Specialized

interface equipment is required to interwork the two hierarchy.

OVERCOME OF PDH:
To overcome the disadvantage of pdh we used sdh.

INTRODUCTION OF SDH:

Defination:

synchronous digital hierarchy is a standard technology for

synchronous data transmission on optical media. Itb is the
international equipment of synchronous optical network.

SDH is a standard for high speed high capacity optical

telecommunication networks ; more optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a synchronous digital hierarchy.

It is a synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a

more simple, economic and flexible telecommunications network
infrastructure.

ADVANTAGES OF SDH

Designed for cost effective, flexible telecoms networking

based on direct synchronous multiplexing.
Provides built-in signal capacity for advanced network
management and maintenance capabilities.
Provides flexible signal transportation capabilities
designed for existing and future signals.
Allows a single telecommunication network infrastructure
interconnects network equipment from different vendors

WHERE SDH USED?

oSDH

can be used in all of the traditional network application

areas.
oA single SDH network infrastructure is therefore possible which
provides an efficient direct interconnection between the three
major telecommunication networks.

NOTES ON SDH RATES

oThe

most common SDH line rates in use today are 155.52 Mbps,
622.08 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
oSDH is a structure that is designed for the future, ensuring that
higher line rates can be added when required

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

Regenerato
r Section
OverHead

Section
Overhead

Multiplexer
Section
OverHead

Virtual Container

Payload
Payload
OverHead

THE PAYLOAD

The contents of the container carried by the truck represent the

real value.
This Payload is analogous to customer traffic, being carried by
the container within an SDH frame.
This Payload container supports the transportation of spesific
tributary signals.

THE VIRTUAL CONTAINER

o

o
o

Even if the container is loaded on to a different truck, there is

a portion of overhead that always remains with it.
This is known as the Path OverHead, or POH.
The Path Overhead is directly associated with the payload
capacity area, and together they form whats known as the
Virtual Container.

THE SECTION OVERHEAD

What actually gets the contentsof the truck to its destination

is the tractor unit.
This analogous to the network maintenance and management
capability carried by the SDH frame, known as its Section
OverHead, or SOH.
The Section Overhead (SOH) provides facilities that are
required to support and maintain the transportation of
customer traffic Safely across the network.
THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH)
and Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH).