BLOOD

WhatisBlood?
Blood is a mixture of cells
and a watery liquid, called
plasma, that the cells float in.
It also contains other things
like nutrients (such as
sugar), hormones, clotting
agents, and waste products
to be flushed out of the body

FactsofRedBloodCells
Redbloodcellsdeliveroxygenand
disposeofwaste
Averagelifecycleis120days
Redbloodcellsareredbecausethey
containaproteinchemicalcalled
hemoglobinwhichisredincolor
HemoglobincontainsIron,makingita
perfectvehiclefortransportingoxygen
andcarbondioxide

RedBloodCells&Folic
Acid
thebodyneedsiron,vitaminB12andfolicacid
(oneoftheBgroupofvitamins)toproducemore
redbloodcells.Ifthereisalackofoneormore
ofthesenutrients,anaemiawilldevelop

Folicacid(typeofBvitamin)isneeded
fortheformationofheme,thepigmented,
ironcontainingportionofthehemoglobin
inredbloodcells.Adeficientintakeof
folicacidimpairsthematurationofyoung
redbloodcells,whichresultsinanemia.

Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a component of red blood
cells, and it is responsible for carrying
oxygen throughout your body.
Low hemoglobin levels mean that less
oxygen is being delivered to your
tissues and organs.
This has been thought to increase your
risk of infection, slow your body's ability
to heal, and cause tissue and organ
damage.

Hemoglobin
The normal adult hemoglobin (Hbg)
molecule contains 2 alpha-globulin
chains and 2 beta-globulin chains.
fetuses and infants, there are only a
few beta chains and the hemoglobin
molecule is made up of 2 alpha chains
and 2 gamma chains. As the infant
grows, the gamma chains are gradually
replaced by beta chains.

Hemoglobin
Each globulin chain contains an
important central structure called the
heme molecule.
Each heme
group
contains an
iron atom that
is able to bind
to one oxygen
(O2) molecule.
Therefore,
each
hemoglobin
protein can
bind four
oxygen
molecules.

IMPORTANT!
Hemoglobin also plays an important
role in maintaining the shape of the
red blood cells. Abnormal hemoglobin
structure can, therefore, disrupt the
shape of red blood cells
WHY?

WhitebloodCells
3types:granulocytes, lymphocytes, and
monocytes.
3 types of granulocytes: neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils
What do each of these cells do to aid the
body in remaining healthy?

Lymphocyte(whiteblood
cells)
There are two kinds of
lymphocytes:
T cells and B
lymphocytes.
T cells direct the activity
of the immune system.
B lymphocytes produce
antibodies,
which destroy foreign
bodies.

TCells&BCells
T cells are processed in the thymus and
secrete lymphokines
Cells called macrophanges summon T4 cells to the
site of the infection and present a protruding antigen
onto which the T4 cell locks, thus "recognizing" the
invading substance.
The T4 cell then reproduces and secretes its potent
lymphokine hormones that stimulate B-cell production
of antibodies; signal "natural killer" or cytotoxic (cellkilling) T-cells; and summon more macrophanges to
the site of the infection.
T8-lymphocytes are T-lymphocytes displaying a
surface molecule called CD8. T8-lymphocytes also
have on their surface, T-cell receptors or TCRs

TCELLS

HelperTCells
a.
b.
c.

CD4
Antigen+MHCII
SecretesIL2thatactivatesBCellsand
stimulatehelperTCells

CytotoxicTCells

a.CD8
b.ProducePreforin(makeholein
infectedcells)
c.Antigen+MHCI

BCells
B cells are a type of white blood cell
(called a b-lymphocyte) that produce
antibodies. B cells develop from stem
cells in the bone marrow.

Monocyte(whiteblood
cells)
Monocytes: the largest

kind of white blood cell enter

the tissues of the body and
turn into even larger cells
called macrophages. These
eat foreign bacteria and
destroy damaged, old, and
dead cells of the body itself.

Neutrophils(granulocyte)
NEUTROPHILSkill invading
bacteria by
ingesting and then
digesting them.

Eosinophil(granulocyte)

EOSINOPHILS- Kill
parasites and are
involved
in allergic reactions

Basophil(granulocyte)
BASOPHILS
-function in allergic
reactions, but are
not well understood.

Diseasesthatresult
fromBloodDisorders

AnemiaandRedBlood
Cells

Anemiaoccurswhenthelevelofhealthyred
bloodcells(RBCs)inthebodybecomestoo
low
Anemiamainlycauses3things
excessivedestructionofRBCs
bloodloss
inadequateproductionofRBCs

Anemiacanresultfrominheriteddisorders,
nutritionalproblems(suchasanironor
vitamindeficiency),infections,somekindsof
cancer,orexposuretoadrugortoxin.

HemolyticAnemia
occurswhenredbloodcellsarebeing
destroyedprematurely
bonemarrow(thesoft,spongytissue
insidebonesthatmakesnewbloodcells)
can'tkeepupwiththebody'sdemandfor
newcells.
Thisdisordermayoccurbecauseof
infectionsorcertainmedicationssuchas
antibioticsorantiseizuremedicines

HemolyticAnemia
Normal red blood cells are round, have a small area of central pallor, and show only a
slight variation in size. A normal red cell is 6-8 m in diameter. As the relative amount
of hemoglobin in the red cell decreases or increases, the area of central pallor will
decrease or increase accordingly.

Spherocytes are red blood cells that are almost spherical in shape.
They have no area of central pallor like a normal red blood cell.
Large spherocytes (macrospherocytes) are seen in hemolytic
anemia. Small spherocytes (microspherocytes) are sometimes
seen in severe burn cases. A variety of spherical forms are
seen in hereditary spherocytosis. The cells depicted in this
image are from a patient with hereditary spherocytosis.

SickleCellAnemia
Isasevereformofanemiafoundmost
commonlyinpeopleofAfricanheritage
thehemoglobinformslongrodswhenitgives
upitsoxygen,stretchingredbloodcellsinto
abnormalsickleshapes
Thisthenleadstoprematuredestructionof
RBCs,chronicallylowlevelsofhemoglobin,
andrecurringepisodesofpain,aswellas
problemsthatcanaffectvirtuallyeveryother
organsysteminthebody.

Thalassemia
Thisconditionismarkedbyabnormal
andshortlivedRBCs
Thalassemiamajor(Cooley'sanemia)is
asevereformofanemiawhereRBCsare
rapidlydestroyedandironisdepositedin
theskinandvitalorgans
Thalassemiaminorinvolvesonlymild
anemiaandminimalredbloodcell
changes.

Symptoms

Note: (MAJOR) the small, pale (hypochromic),

abnormally-shapedred blood cells associated with
thalassemia major.The darker cells likely represent
normal RBCs from a blood transfusion.

Bone deformities in
the face
Fatigue Growth
failure
Liver and spleen
swelling
Shortness of breath
Yellow skin (jaundice)
Stillbirth (most severe)

this blood smear from an individual with thalassemia shows

small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic), variously-shaped
(poikilocytosis) red blood cells. These small red blood cells
(RBCs) are able to carry less oxygen than normal RBCs.

RedBloodCells&Iron
Defeciency
Irondeficiencyanemiaisacommon,easily
treatedconditionthatoccurswhenyoudon't
haveenoughironinyourbody
Lowironlevelsusuallyareduetobloodloss,
poordiet,oraninabilitytoabsorbenoughiron
fromfoods
Irondeficiencyanemiausuallydevelopsover
timeifyourbodydoesnothaveenoughironto
buildhealthyredbloodcells.Withoutenough
iron,yourbodystartsusingtheironithas
stored.Soon,thestoredirongetsusedup.

Immune System, White Blood

Cells, T-Cells

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=aSpRpf1Ny9A