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PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT
By: Sonia Singh
sonia23singh@gmail.com
What Is an Organization?
A group of people working together in a
structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a
set of goals.
The Organization’s Environments
•External environment: everything outside
an organization’s boundaries that might
affect it. The uncontrollable environment.
•Internal environment: the conditions and
forces within an organization. The
controllable environment.
The Organization and Its Environments
A Model of Organizational
Effectiveness
What Is Management?
• A set of activities (including planning and decision
making, organizing, leading, and controlling) directed
at an organization’s resources (human, financial,
physical, and informational) with the aim of achieving
organizational goals in an efficient and effective
manner.
MANAGEMENT AS A PROCESS
Who Is the Manager?
1. College Dean?
2. Police officer?
3. Surgeon?
4. Web-designer?
5. Football coach?
6. Chef?
7. Managing your checking account?
Figure 1.3: Kinds of Managers by
Level and Area
Kinds of Managers
Managing at Different Levels of the organization:
“Levels of management refers to a line of demarcation between
various managerial positions in an organisation”
Top Managers
• Small group of executives who manage the overall
organization, the strategic level.
Middle Managers
• A large group that implement the strategies developed at the
top.
First-Line Managers
•Supervise and coordinate the activities of operating employees.
Who are effective managers?
Based on the research sponsored by the centre for creative leadership,Robert
Kaplan described effective managers as a person who:
•Have vision,think long-term,set direction;
•Are good communicators and good listeners;
•Have good knowledge;
•Understand operations;
•Know where to spend time and how to priorities;
•Do not resist change
•Delegate well;
•Act confidently;
•Accept confidently;
•Are motivating,curious,honest,credible,and decisive
•Can act as role model
Basic Managerial Roles and Skills
Regardless of level or area within an
organization, all managers must play certain
roles and exhibit certain skills in order to be
successful, such as:
– Do certain things.
– Meet certain needs.
– Have certain responsibilities.
Managerial Skills
• In addition to fulfilling roles, managers also need a
number of specific skills.
• The most fundamental management skills are:
– Technical
– Interpersonal
– Conceptual
– Diagnostic
– Communication
– Decision-making
– Time-management
How does one acquire the skills necessary
to blend the science and art of management
to become successful managers:sources of
managerial skills
Managing in Different
Areas of the Organization
• Marketing Managers
• Financial Managers
• Operations Managers
• Human Resource Managers
• Administrative Managers
• Specialized Management
The Manager’s Job Is To:
PLAN:
– A manager cannot operate effectively unless he or
she has long range plans.
A plan for each day’s work:
– What is to be done, and why do it?
– When is it to be done, and how will it be done?
– Who is to do the job?
– Where should it be done?
The Manager Must Organize
• When there is more than one employee needed
to carry out a plan.
• Then organization is needed.
• A team must be formed.
• Each job must be carefully defined in terms of
what is to be done.
• Establish delegation of responsibility.
The Manager Do Staffing
• Determination of number and the kind of personnel
required.
• Recruitment for attracting suitable personnel to seek
job in the enterprise.
• Selection of the most suitable persons for the job.
• Placement and orientation of employees.
• Transfer,promotion,etc. of employees.
• Training and development of employees.
The Manager Direct/lead
Directing involves determining the course of
action,giving orders and instructions and providing
dynamic leadership;sub functions of directing are:
• Communication
• Leadership
• Motivation
• Supervision
The Manager Must Control
Control means the process of checking actual
performance against the agreed standards with a
view to ensuring satisfactory performance.it
involves
•Establishment of standards
•Measurement of performance
•Appraisal of performance
•Taking corrective action.
The Manager Must Coordinate
Coordination is the achievement of orderly group
efforts and unity of actions in pursuit of a common
purpose.It has the following features:
•Orderly arrangements of group efforts
•To secure unity of action towards common
objectives.
•It is needed at all level of management.
•Is the essence of managing.
Planning ,Organizing
Planning
Planning is an intellectually demanding process;it
requires the conscious determination of courses of
action and the basing of decision on
purpose,knowledge and considered estimates.
Koontz.
Planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the
making and using of assumptions regarding the future
in the visualization and formulation of proposed
activities believed necessary to achieve desired
results.
G.R Terry
Corporate Planning
“Corporate Planning is a systematic and
comprehensive process of planning taking
account of the resources and capability of the
organization and the environment with in which
it has to operate and viewing the organization as
a total corporate unit “
I: Organisational level
•Corporate (Top level)
•Divisional (Middle level)
•Functional (Lower level)
Contd..Types
II:Focus
of planning
• Strategic: Focus on the broad future of the organization and
incorporate both external environmental demands and internal
resources
Developing
Appraisal alternatives
of plan
Selection of Evaluation of
Formulation
best alternative alternatives
of derivative
plans
Approaches to planning
I:Top-down approach
II:Bottom-up approach
IV:Team approach
Decision-Making
“A decision is an act of choice wherein an
executive forms a conclusion about what must
be done in a given situation”
f
e Evaluate
e The
d alternatives
b internal
a
c Select
Implement and The best
k
Feedback Verify the decision alternatives
problem External environment
Organizing
The term organisation is used in different ways: