Introduction of System: Compiled By: Arpan Sinha For ASB, AU 1

Introduction of System
Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 1

What is System ?
• A System can be most simply defined as
group of interrelated or interacting
elements forming a unified whole.
• In other word : A System is a group of
interrelated components working together
toward a common goal by accepting
inputs and producing outputs in an
organized transformation process.f
System Components
• Input involve capturing and assembling
elements that enter the system to be
processed. For Ex raw material, data etc.
• Processing involves transformation
processes that convert input into output.
Example are a manufacturing process.
• Output involves transferring elements that
have been produced by a transformation
process to their ultimate destination. For
Ex, finished products, human services etc.
System Concepts
• It underlie the field of Information
Systems. It will help you understand many
other concepts in the technology,
applications, development, and
management of information system.
• Technology : That computer networks are
systems of information processing
components that use a verity of hardware,
software, data management, and
telecommunications network technologies.
System Concepts Cont..
• Applications : That electronics business
and commerce application involve
interconnected business information
systems.
• Developments : That developing ways to
use information technology in business
includes designing the basic components
of information systems.
• Management : That managing information
technology emphasizes the quality strategic
business value, and security of an organization’s
information systems.
• System concept becomes even more useful by
including two Additional Components :
Feedback and Controls.
• A System with feedback and controls components
is something called cybernetic system, i.e., a self
monitoring, self regulating system.
• Feedback : It is data about the performance of a
system. For ex., data about sales performance is
feedback to a sales manager.
• Controls : It involves monitoring and evaluating
feedback to determine whether a system is moving
toward the achievement of its goal. The control
function then makes necessary adjustments to a
system’s input and processing components to
ensure that it produces proper output.

System Control
• The Systems are designed to achieve
specific objectives, ensuring the
achievement of the objectives through
system control, becomes the integral part
of the system design.The control calls for,
in the first place, a measurement of the
output in some terms.The device that
measures the output is called a sensor.
System Control Cont..
• The process of measuring the output, comparing
with the standard, sending the signal to the
corrective unit and the corrective unit acting upon
it, is called a control. Any break down in this path
will affect the system performance adversely.
• The role of a control is to regulate the system
operations and performance, and keep it an
equilibrium condition. The control, therefore, is
the heart and brain of the system.

System Control Cont..
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
SENSOR
CORRECTIVE CHANNELS COMPARISON

UNIT OF FEEDBACK UNIT
STANDARD
Control System Model

Handling System Complexity
• Information systems are relatively
complex as compared to physical systems,
and, therefore they should handled
enabling the system designer to
understand, design, development and
implement.
• To handle complexity, the system can be
viewed as an assembly of subsystems each
with clear definition of the boundaries,
interfaces and their connectivity.
Cont..
• The subsystems then are put in the
hierarchical order to provide a structural
view showing the development path to the
designer.The process is called factorisation
of the system into subsystems.
• Another method of handling the
complexity is to resort to simplification by
clustering the subsystem together.
• Handling all the subsystems together with
their interconnection is difficult.
Cont..
• The method of simplification is as follows:
– Identify the subsystems which have to be
together for the functional ‘cohesion’.
– Form a cluster of these subsystems and
identify interconnections in this cluster.
– Form clusters of the remaining subsystems.
– Connect the clusters with an interface.
– For Ex Material Management System
Material Management System
Example
• This system can be subdivided into the
following subsystems for the purpose of
handling complexity :
A. Procurement system.
B. Purchase order follow up system.
C. Receipts accounting system.
D. Material requirement planning system.
E. Material issue requisition system.
F. Bill passing and payment system.
G. Inventory control systems.
Example
• It is divided into seven subsystem from A to G.
A C D F
B E G
Subsystems with interconnections

Example
Formation on clusters on the Basis of Managerial Function

General Model of MIS
• The MIS is an arrangement of data
processing and information systems in an
orderly manner to support the management
in achieving the business objectives.
• The MIS boundaries cross the limits of the
organization and draw the data from the
sources external to the organization.
• This model is stipulated in the theory and
performs on the principle of feedback and
control.
General Model of MIS Cont..
General Model of a Management Information System

Need for System Analysis
• For every system it is necessary to analyze

the system from different angles.
• The analysis of the system is the basic
necessity for an efficient system design.

Need for System Analysis Cont..
• The need for analysis system from the
following point of view.
– System Objective
– System Boundaries
– System Importance
– Nature of the System
– Role of System as an Interface
– Participation of Users
– Understanding of Resources Needs
– Assessment of Feasibility
• System Objective
– It is necessary to define the system objective.
The users of the system and the personnel
involved are not in a position to define the
objective.
– Since you are going to develop a computer
based system, it is necessary to redefine or
reset the objective as a reference point in
context of the current business requirement.
• System Boundaries
– It is necessary to establish the system
boundaries which would define the scope and
coverage of the system.
– This help sort out and understand the
functional boundaries of the system, the
department boundaries in the system, and the
people involved in the system.
– It also helps to identify the inputs and the
outputs of the various subsystems, covering
the entire system.
• System Importance
– It is necessary to understand the importance of
the system in the organization.
– This would throw more light on its utility and
would help the designer to decide the design
features of the system.
– It would be possible then to position the
system in relation to the other systems for
deciding the design strategy and development.
• Nature of the System

– The analysis of the system will help the
system designer to conclude whether the
system is the closed type or an open, and a
deterministic or a probabilistic.
– An understanding of system is necessary, prior
to design the process to ensure the necessary
design architecture.
• Role of System as an Interface

– The system, many a times, acts as an interface
to the other systems.
– An interface, it activates or promotes some
changes in the other systems.
– Any Modifications or changes made should
not affect the functioning or the objectives of
the other systems.
• Participation of Users
– The strategic purpose of the analysis of the
system is to seek of the people to a new
development.
– System analysis process provides a sense of
participation to the people.
– This helps in breaking the resistance to the
new development and it also then ensures the
commitment to the new system.
• Understanding of Resource Needs
– The analysis of the system helps in defining
the resources requirements in terms of
hardware and software.
– If any additional resources are required, this
would means an investment.
– The management likes to evaluate the
investment from the point of view of return on
such investment.
– If the return on the investment is not attractive,
the management may drop the project.
• Assessment of Feasibility
– The analysis of the system helps to establish
the feasibility from different angles.
– The system should satisfy the technical,
economic and operational feasibility.
– The assessment of feasibility will save the
investment and the system designer’s time.
– It would also save the embarrassment to the
system designer as he is viewed as the key
figure in such projects.
Structured System Analysis and
Design (SSAD)
• The structured system analysis develops a
conceptual, logical, and graphical model of
the system.
• It developed with the reference to the
objective and taking into consideration the
constraints under which the system
operates.
Symbols in SSAD
SSAD Cont..
• The Structured System Analysis has three
steps :
– The modeling of the systems in the DFD’s
– Constructing the data dictionary
– Process Modeling
• The SSAD provides a methodology to the
system designer to analyze the existing in
an orderly manner and enable him to put
the proposed system in a logical order
System Development Life cycle
(SDLC)
• It is Concerned with the detail management of
all the components that go into the development
of a new System.
• It was developed by The National Computing
Centre in1960’s to add discipline to many
Organizational Approach to System
Development.

System Development Life cycle
(SDLC)
• It is a model of How System should be
designed and developed.
• Over the years, lot of methodologies have
evolved to support this life cycle approach
of systems development. A methodology is
a collection of Procedure, Techniques,
Tools and Documentation aids that are
designed to help in their effort to
implement a new system.
System Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)
• SDLC is a multi-step process for the development
of information systems solutions using systems
approach.
(1) Systems
Investigation
(2) Systems
Analysis
(3) Systems
Design
(4) Systems
Implementation
(5) System
Waterfall Model
Maintenance
SDLC Cont..
Understanding the Business Problem or
Opportunity
1. System Investigation (Feasibility Study)
– Determine how to address business
opportunities and priorities.
– Conduct a feasibility study to determine
whether a new or improved business system
is a feasible solution.
– Develop a project management plan and
obtain management approval.
SDLC Cont..
Develop an information system solution

2. System Analysis (Functional Requirements)
– Analyze the information needs of employees,
customers, and other business stakeholders.
– Develop the functional requirements of a
system that can meet business priorities and
the needs of all stakeholders.

SDLC Cont..
3. System Design (System Specifications)
– Develop specifications for the hardware,

software, people, network and data
resources, and the information products that
will satisfy the functional requirements of
the proposed business information system.

SDLC Cont..
Implement the information system solution
4. System Implementation (Operational System)
– Acquire (or develop) hardware and software.
– Test the system, and train people to operate
and use it.
– Convert to the new business system.
– Manage the effects of system changes on end
users
SDLC Cont..
5. System Maintenance (Improved System)

– Use a post implementation review process to
monitor, evaluate, and modify the business
system as needed.

I.S. Prototyping
• Prototyping is the rapid development and
testing of working models, or prototypes, of
new applications in an interactive, iterative
process that can be used by both Is
specialists and business professionals.
• Prototyping, as a development tool, makes
the development process faster and easier,
especially for projects where end user
requirements are hard to define.
I.S. Prototyping Cont..
• It has enlarged the role of the business stakeholders
affected by a proposed system and helps make
possible a quicker and more responsive
development process called Agile Systems
Development (ASD).
• It combines the steps of traditional systems

development cycle.

Identify an end user’s
Business Requirements
Develop Business
System Prototypes
Revise Prototypes
to meet
end user’s requirement
Use and Maintain

The Accepted
Business System

1. Identify an End User’s Requirements
(Investigation/Analysis)
– End user’s identity their business needs and
assess the feasibility of several alternative IS
solutions.
2. Develop Business System Prototypes
(Analysis/Design)
– End users and/or IS specialists use
application development tools to interactively
design and test prototypes of IS components
that meet end user business needs.
3. Revise Prototypes to Meet End User’s
Requirements (Design/Implementation)
– The business system prototypes are tested,
evaluated, and modified repeatedly until end
users find them acceptable.
4. Use and Maintain the Accepted Business
System (Implementation/Maintenance)
– The accepted business system can be
modified easily since most system
documentation is stored on disk.
Thank You

Introduction of System: Compiled By: Arpan Sinha For ASB, AU 1

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Introduction of System

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 1

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 7

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 9

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

CORRECTIVE CHANNELS COMPARISON

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 10

Subsystems with interconnections

Formation on clusters on the Basis of Managerial Function

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 16

General Model of a Management Information System

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 18

• For every system it is necessary to analyze

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 19

• Nature of the System

• Role of System as an Interface

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 31

Develop an information system solution

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 35

3. System Design (System Specifications)

– Develop specifications for the hardware,

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 36

5. System Maintenance (Improved System)

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 38

• It combines the steps of traditional systems

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 40

Use and Maintain

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 41

Compiled By: Arpan Sinha for ASB, AU 44

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