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PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1:
Physical quantities and
measurements
(5 Hours)
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:
1.1 Physical Quantities and Units (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length
(m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature
(K), amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd).
State derived quantities and their respective units and
symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J),
force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and
frequency (Hz).
Use dimensional analysis to check homogeneity and
construct equation of physics.
Perform conversion between SI and British units.
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Physical Quantities and Units
Symbol
SI Unit
Symbol
Length
metre
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
T/
kelvin
Electric current
ampere
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Temperature
Table 1.1
Luminous Intensity
candela
cd 3
PHYSICS
Table 1.2
CHAPTER 1
Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be expressed
in term of base quantity.
Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity.
Derived quantity
Symbol
Formulae
Unit
Velocity
s/t
m s-1
Volume
M3
Acceleration
lwt
v/t
m s-2
Density
m/V
kg m-3
Momentum
mv
kg m s-1
Force
ma
kg m s-2 @ N
Work
Fs
kg m2 s-2 @ J
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Unit is defined as a standard size of measurement of physical
quantities.
Examples :
1 second is defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770
vibrations of radiation emitted by a caesium-133 atom.
1 kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium
cylinder kept at International Bureau of Weights and
Measures Paris.
Paris
1 meter is defined as the length of the path travelled by light
in vacuum during a time interval of
1
s
299,792,458
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
The unit of basic quantity is called base unit
addition unit for base unit:
unit of plane angle - radian (rd)
rad 180o
180o
1 rad
57.296o
The common system of units used today are S.I unit (System
International/metric system) and cgs unit - UK.
The unit of derived quantity called derived unit
6
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Table 1.3
Value
Symbol
tera
1012
giga
109
mega
106
kilo
103
deci
10-1
centi
10-2
milli
10-3
micro
10-6
nano
10-9
pico
10-12
Examples:
2700000 m = 2700 km = 2.7 Mm
0.00000476 s = 4.76 x 10-6 s = 4.76 s
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Table 1.4 shows the conversion factors between SI and British units for
length and mass only.
Length
1 m = 39.37 in = 3.281 ft
1 in = 2.54 cm
Mass
1 kg = 103 g
1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 km = 0.621 mi
1 lb = 0.453 592 kg
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
1 kg = 0.0685 slug
1 angstrom () = 10-10 m
Table 1.4
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 1 :
Solve the following problems of unit conversion.
a. 30 mm2 = ? m2
b. 865 km h-1 = ? m s-1
c. 300 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3
d. 17 cm = ? in
e. 24 mi h-1 = ? km s-1
Solution :
a. 30 mm2 = ? m2
1 mm
10 m
1 mm 2 10 6 m 2
30 mm 2 30 10 6 m 2 or 3.0 10 5 m 2
865 103 m
1
h
865
10
m
1
865 km h
3600
s
1
1
865 km h 240 m s
PHYSICS
2nd method :
CHAPTER 1
865 km h
865 km h
865 km 1000 m
1 h 1 km
1h
3600 s
865 km 1000 m 1 h
1 h 1 km 3600 s
865 km h 1 240 m s 1
c. 300 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3
300 g
-3
300 g cm
3
1 cm
10 -3 kg
1g
1 cm 3
10 -2 3 m 3
10
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
d. 17 cm = ? in
17 cm 17 cm
1
2.54
17 cm 6.69 in
in
1 cm
e. 24 mi h-1 = ? km s-1
24 mi 1.609 km 1 h
24 mi h
1 mi 3600 s
1h
24 mi h 1 1.07 10 -2 km s -1
-1
11
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Table 1.5
[Basic Quantity]
Symbol
Unit
[mass] or [m]
kg
[length] or [l]
[time] or [t]
A@ I
[temperature] or [T]
[amount of substance]
or [N]
mole
12
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Dimension can be treated as algebraic quantities through the
procedure called dimensional analysis.
The uses of dimensional analysis are
to determine the unit of the physical quantity.
to determine whether a physical equation is correct or not
dimensionally by using the principle of homogeneity.
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 2 :
Determine a dimension and the S.I. unit for the following quantities:
a. Velocity
b. Acceleration c. Linear momentum
d. Density
e. Force
Solution :
a. Velocity change in displacement
or
time interval
v s
t
v L LT 1
T
14
PHYSICS
b.
v
a
t
LT 1
a
T
a LT 2
CHAPTER 1
c.
m
V
m
l w h
M
LLL
ML3
p m v
p M LT 1
p MLT 1
e.
F m a
F M LT 2
F MLT 2
S.I. unit : kg m s-2.
15
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 3 :
Determine Whether the following expressions are dimensionally correct
or not.
2
a. s ut 1 at
where s, u, a and t represent the displacement,
2
initial velocity, acceleration and the time of an object respectively.
b. v u 2 gs
where s, u, v and g represent the displacement,
initial velocity, final velocity and the gravitational acceleration
respectively.
c.
l
T 2
g
16
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Solution :
a. Dimension on the LHS :
Dimension on the RHS :
s L
ut u t LT 1 T L
1
2
and
at 2 21 a t 1 LT -2 T 2 L
2
1
Dimension on the RHS : u LT
and
2 gs 2 g s 1 LT -2 L L2T -2
Thus v u 2 gs
Therefore the equation above is not homogeneous or dimensionally
17
incorrect.
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Solution :
c. Dimension on the LHS :
Dimension on the RHS :
T T
1
l
21
2
2
2 l g
g
1
l
2
2
2
1 L LT
g
l
T 2
g
12
18
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 4 :
The period, T of a simple pendulum depends on its length l,
acceleration due to gravity, g and mass, m. By using dimensional
analysis, obtain an equation for period of the simple pendulum.
Solution :
x y z
Suppose that : T l g m
Then
T kl x g y m z (1)
where k, x, y and z are dimensionless constants.
T k l g m
x
2 y
T 1 L LT M z
x
T Lx y T 2 y M z
L0 T1M 0 Lx y T 2 y M z
19
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
By equating the indices on the left and right sides of the equation, thus
x y 0 (2)
2y 1
y 12 (3)
z0
T kl g m
l
T k
g
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 5 :
Determine the unit of in term of basic unit by using the equation
below:
4
Pi Po
R
where Pi and Po are pressures of the soap bubble and R is the radius
of the bubble.
Solution :
2
1 2
2
F m a MLT
P
A A
L
R L
ML T
21
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1
R Pi Po
4
1
R Pi Po
4
Since
Pi Po P thus
1
R P
4
1 L ML1T 2
MT 2
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.1 :
1.
Deduce the unit of (eta) in term of basic unit for the equation
below:
F
v
A
l
2r g
vT
s f
9 k
23
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.1 :
3.
ANS. :
4.
v k gr
R 4 P1 P2
Q
8 L
24
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:
1.2 Scalars and Vectors (3 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Define scalar and vector quantities, unit vectors in
Cartesian coordinate.
Explain vector addition and subtraction operations and their
rules. Visualize resultant vector graphically by applying
commutative rule
associative rule, and
distributive rule
Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (2-D)
and three perpendicular components (3-D):
Components in the x, y and z axes.
Components in the
i, j , k
unit vectors.
25
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:
1.2 Scalars and Vectors (3 hours)
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
Define and use dot (scalar) product;
A B A B cos B A cos
A B A B sin B A sin
26
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.2 Scalars and Vectors
27
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A
velocity
Table 1.6
v
v
s (bold)
v (bold)
acceleration
a
a
a (bold)
v v
a a
28
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same.
(shown in figure 1.1)
Figure 1.1
PQ
If vector A is multiplied by
a scalar quantity k
Then, vector A is
kA
kA
if k = +ve,
+ve the vector is in the same direction as vector A.
if k = - ve,
ve the vector is in the opposite direction of vector A.29
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
y
0
30
30
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
c)
Cartesian coordinates
2-Dimension (2-D)
s ( x, y ) (2 m, 4 m)
y/m
4
s
2
x/m
31
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
3-Dimension (3-D)
s ( x, y , z ) ( 4, 3, 2) m
y/m
3
s
0
x/m
z/m
32
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
d)
Polar coordinates
F 50 N,120
120
e)
33
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
For example : A B
Parallelogram
A B
A B
B
O
Triangle
B
34
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A B B A
Commutative Rule
B A
35
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
PQ R
PQ
Q
PQ R P Q R
PQ R
Associative Rule
36
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Distributive Rule :
a. A B A B
b. A A A
For example :
Proof of case a: let = 2
A B 2 A B
A B
O
2 A B
37
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A B 2 A 2 B
2 A 2B
2A
2 A B 2 A 2B
2B
38
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A 2 1 A 3 A
3A
A A 2 A 1 A
2A
3A
2 1 A 2 A 1A
39
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.2.4 Subtraction
of
Vectors
For example :
CD
C DC D
Parallelogram
CD
Triangle
CD
40
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.2 :
1.
A 2B
c)
(Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)
d)
2A B
41
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
2nd method :
Dy
0
Dx
Dy
x
Dx
cos Dx D cos
D
Dy
sin D y D sin
D
Dx
Dx
sin Dx D sin
D
Dy
cos D y D cos
D
42
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
D or D
Dy
Direction of vector D :
tan
Dx
Dy
Dx
or
Dy
tan
Dx
D Dx i D y j
43
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 6 :
A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30 east.
Calculate the component of the velocity
a) due north.
b) due east.
Solution :
N
a) v N v sin 60 or v N v cos 30
v N 50 sin 60 v N 50 cos 30
1
30
v
43.3
m
s
N
v
N
60
vE
S
or
v
v
sin
30
v
v
cos
60
b) E
E
vE 50 cos 60 vE 50 sin 30
v E 25 m s 1
44
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 7 :
F
120
S
A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above.
Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force.
Solution :
Vector
x-component
y-component
y
F
sin
60
Fx F cos 60
y
F
60
Fx
Fy
120
S
Fy 86.6 N
Fx 50 N
or
or
Fy 86.6 N
45
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 8 :
F2 (30 N )
F1 (10 N )
45o
30o
20
O
F3 (40 N )
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle O.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on particle
O.
46
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
y
Solution :
F3 x
20
30o
Fr
Fr
Fx
Fy
F3
F1
F1 y
O
F
3y
F2 y
F F1 F2 F3
Fx
Fy
F1 x F2 x F3 x
F1 y F2 y F3 y
45o
F1 x F2 x
F2
47
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Solution :
Vector
x-component
F2
F3
F1 x F1 cos 20
F1 x 10 cos 20
F1 x 9.40 N
F2 x 30 cos 45
F2 x 21.2 N
F3 x 40 cos 30
F3 x 34.6 N
F3 y 40 sin 30
F3 y 20.0 N
4.00 N
F1 sin 20
10 sin 20
3.42 N
30 sin 45
21.2 N
F1 y
F1 y
F1 y
F2 y
F2 y
F1
Vector
sum
y-component
48
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Solution :
The magnitude of the resultant force is
F F
2
Fr
4.00
Fr
37.8
Fr 38.0 N
tan
F
F
84.0
37.8
tan
4.00
1
Fx
264
Fy
Fr
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Exercise1.3 :
B
,
a) the vector sum
-1
B
B
18.0
m
s
b) the vector sum
,
A B ,
c) the vector difference
B A.
d) the vector difference
-1
A 12.0 m s
37.0
0
Figure 1.2
x
50
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
a , b, c
notations
A
a 1
A
a 1
x - axis i @ i (bold )
y - axis j @ j (bold )
z - axis k @ k (bold )
i j k 1
51
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
j
i
r rx i ry j rz k
Magnitude of vector,
rx 2 ry 2 rz 2
52
PHYSICS
E.g. :
CHAPTER 1
s 4i 3 j 2k m
4 2 3 2 2 2
5.39 m
y/m
3 j
2k
4i
x/m
z/m
53
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 9 :
b 7i 8 j k m
Calculate
a) the vector a
b and its magnitude,
b) the vector b a and its magnitude,
a) a b a b 2 7 5i
a b
a y by 4 8 4 j
a b z a z bz 5 1 6k
a b 5i 4 j 6k m
The magnitude, a b
5 2 4 2 6 2
8.78 m
54
PHYSICS
b)
CHAPTER 1
b a x bx a x 7 2 9i
b a y by a y 8 4 12 j
b a
4
k
z
z
z
b a 9i 12 j 4k m
The magnitude, b a
c)
9 2 12 2 4 2
15.5 m
2a b x 2a x bx 2 2 7 3i
2a b y 2a y b y 2 4 8 0 j
2a b z 2a z bz 2 5 1 11k
2 a b 3i 11k m
The magnitude, 2a b
3 2 11 2
11.4 m
55
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.3a
Figure 1.3b
shows
the projection of vector B onto the direction
of
vector A . A B A component of B parallel to A
A
A
B cos
Figure 1.3b
Figure 1.3c
Acos B
B
Figure 1.3c
the projection of vector A onto the direction of
shows
B
vector . A B B component of A parallel to B 56
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A B A B cos
B A B A cos
When 0 90
scalar product is positive
9 0 180
90
A B B A
57
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
W F s F s cos s F cos
2
i i i 2 cos 0 o 1 1 1
j j j 2 cos 0 o 1 2 1 1
2
k k k 2 cos 0 o 1 1 1
j
i
i i j j k k 1
z
i j 1 1 cos 90 o 0
j k 1 1 cos 90 o 0
i k 1 1 cos 90 o 0
i j j k i k 0
58
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 10
:
Calculate the A B and the angle
following
problems.
a) A
i 2 j 3k
B 2i j 5k
Solution
:
a) A B
b)
A
4i 3 j k
B 2 j 3k
ANS.:-3; 99.4
1 2 i i 2 1 j j 3 5 k k
A B 2 2 15
A B 19
1 2 3 14
2 2 1 2 5 2 30
2
A B AB cos
1 A B
1
cos
cos
AB
158
19
14 30
59
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
A xi yj zk
B pi qj rk
A B C
A B C A B sin AB sin
positive value.
Vector product is a vector
quantity
quantity.
The direction of vector C is determined by
RIGHT-HAND RULE
60
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
For example:
How to use right hand rule :
Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector.
Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector.
The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.
A B C
C
B A C
A B B A
but A B B A
Direction of the vector product always perpendicular to the
) .
plane containing the vectors (Cand
61
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :
i j j i k
j k k j i
k i i k j
i i i 2 sin 0 o 0
i i j j k k 0
j j j 2 sin 0 o 0
k k k 2 sin 0 o 0
F I l B
F IlB sin
62
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
The vector product can also be expressed in determinant form as
A B x
j k
y
p q
1st method :
A B yr zq i xr zp j xq yp k
2nd method :
A B yr zq i zp xr j xq yp k
Note :
The angle between two vectors can only be determined by
using the scalar (dot) product.
63
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Example 11 :
2 j 4k
A
5
i
B i j 5k
Determine
a) A B and its magnitude
b) A B
c) the angle between vectors A and B .
Given two vectors :
Solution :
a)
A B 5 2 4
1 1 5
A B 2 5 4 1 i 5 5 4 1 j 51 2 1 k
A B 10 4 i 25 4 j 5 2 k
A B 14i 21 j 7k
2
2
2
A B 14 21 7
The magnitude,
A B 26.2
64
PHYSICS
b)
CHAPTER 1
A B 5i 2 j 4k i j 5k
A B 51 i i 2 1 j j 4 5 k k
A B 5 2 20
A B 23
A
B
5 2 2 2 4 2
1 2 1 2 5 2
45
27
A B AB cos
A B
1
cos
cos
AB
48.7
1
23
45 27
65
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.4 :
a
j
1. If vector = 3i + 5
a) a b ,
ANS. : 2k; 26; 46
2.
+ 4 j , determine
and vector
b
=
2
i
b) a b ,
c) a b b .
a 3i 3 j 2k ; b i 4 j 2k and c 2i 2 j k
Calculate
a) a b c ,
b) a
ANS. : 21; 9; 5i 11 j 9k
b c
, c) a b c
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 2 :
Kinematics of Linear Motion
67