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INTRODUCTION
The terms petroleum gas and refinery gas are often used to identify
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or even gas that emanates from the top of a
refinery distillation column.
For the purpose of this text, petroleum gas not only describes liquefied
petroleum gas but also natural gas and refinery gas. In this chapter, each gas
is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas
(ASTM D-4150). However, the composition of each gas varies (Table 3.1) and
recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied.
The first and most important aspect of gaseous testing is the
measurement of the volume of gas (ASTM D-1071). In this test method,
several techniques are described and may be employed for any purpose where
it is necessary to know the quantity of gaseous fuel. In addition, the
thermophysical properties of methane (ASTM D-3956), ethane (ASTM D-3984),
propane (ASTM D-4362), n-butane (ASTM D-4650), and iso-butane (ASTM D4651) should be available for use and consultation
NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is found in petroleum reservoirs as free gas (associated gas), in
solution with petroleum in the reservoir (dissolved gas), or in reservoirsthat
contain only gaseous constituents and no (or little) petroleum.
Natural Gas (Gas), either as a follow-up of natural gas and natural gas non
followup
A desired component of natural gas is a component of Hydrocarbons
Component of natural gas is undesirable impurities
Purification of natural gas is an attempt to mitigate / reduce the content of
impurities to the extent desired requirements
Components of non
h y d r o c a rb o n n a t u ra l g as
( g a s)
RSH (mercaptans)
N2 (nitrogen gas)
He (helium)
Hg (mercury)
LPG
13
PENGUJIAN KOMPOSISI
(ASTM D 1945/GPA 2261)
The equipment used is a Gas Chromatography (GC)
The components of the natural gas that is separated by boiling point with
GC equipment are:
- He
CH
CO
2
- O2
H2S
nC5H12
- N2
C3H8
C6H14
- CH4
iC4H10
C7H16 (C6+)
- CO2
nC4H10
Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)
Komponen
Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)
0,01 10
- C3H8
- O2
0,01 20
- iC4H10
0,01 10
- N2
0,01 100
- nC4H10
0,01 10
- CH4
0,01 100
- nC5H12
0,01 2
- CO2
0,01 20
- C6H14
0,01 2
- C2H6
0,01 100
- C7H16 (C6+)
0,01 2
- H2S
0,01 5
0,01 100
357
96
Hg(iCH3H7)2
170
Hg(nCH3H7)2
190
Hg(C4H9)2
206
TESTING MERCURY
Testing of mercury (Hg) in natural gas use equipment AAS analysis technique
called:
1. Mechanical formation of mercury vapor (mercury vapor generation)
2. Mechanical vapor formation of hybrids
3. Uptake with gold (with a mercury analyzer tool, eg NIC)
REFINERY GAS
Refinery gas is the noncondensable gas that is obtained during distillation or
treatment (cracking, thermal decomposition) of petroleum (Austin, 1984;
Speight, 1999; Robinson and Faulkner, 2000). It consists mainly of hydrogen
(H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and
olefins (RCH=CHR1, where R and R1 can be hydrogen or a methyl group) and
may also include off-gases from petrochemical processes.
Olefins such as ethylene (ethene, CH2=CH2, boiling point: 104C, 155F),
propene (propylene, CH3CH=CH2, boiling point: 47C, 53F), butene (butene1,CH3CH2CH=CH2, boiling point: 5C, 23F) iso-butylene [(CH3)2C=CH2,
boiling point 6C, 21F], cis- and trans-butene-2 (CH3CH=CHCH3, boiling
point: ~1C, 30F), and butadiene (CH2=CHCH=CH2, boiling point: 4C, 24F)
as well as higher-boiling olefins are produced by various refining processes.
The sulfur compounds that are mainly responsible for corrosion are hydrogen
sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and, sometimes, elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide and
mercaptans have distinctive unpleasant odors. Control of the total sulfur content,
hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans ensures that the product is not corrosive or
nauseating. Stipulating a satisfactory copper strip test further ensures control of
corrosion. Total sulfur in gas can be determined by combustion (ASTM D-1072),
by the lamp method (ASTM D-1266), or by hydrogenation (ASTM D-3031, ASTM D4468). Trace total organic and bound nitrogen is determined (ASTM D-4629). The
current test method for heavy residues in liquefied petroleum gas (ASTM D-2158)
involves evaporation of a liquefied petroleum gas sample, measuring the volume
of residue and observing the residue for oil stain on a piece of filter paper.