GASES

FITR I GINA GUNAWAN (151411008)

NOORMA NURMALASARI (151411023)

INTRODUCTION
The terms petroleum gas and refinery gas are often used to identify
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or even gas that emanates from the top of a
refinery distillation column.
For the purpose of this text, petroleum gas not only describes liquefied
petroleum gas but also natural gas and refinery gas. In this chapter, each gas
is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas
(ASTM D-4150). However, the composition of each gas varies (Table 3.1) and
recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied.
The first and most important aspect of gaseous testing is the
measurement of the volume of gas (ASTM D-1071). In this test method,
several techniques are described and may be employed for any purpose where
it is necessary to know the quantity of gaseous fuel. In addition, the
thermophysical properties of methane (ASTM D-3956), ethane (ASTM D-3984),
propane (ASTM D-4362), n-butane (ASTM D-4650), and iso-butane (ASTM D4651) should be available for use and consultation

NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is found in petroleum reservoirs as free gas (associated gas), in
solution with petroleum in the reservoir (dissolved gas), or in reservoirsthat
contain only gaseous constituents and no (or little) petroleum.
Natural Gas (Gas), either as a follow-up of natural gas and natural gas non
followup
A desired component of natural gas is a component of Hydrocarbons
Component of natural gas is undesirable impurities
Purification of natural gas is an attempt to mitigate / reduce the content of
impurities to the extent desired requirements

KOMPONEN GAS ALAM

C o m p o ne nt s o f na t u r a l g a s
hy d r o c a r b o n (g a s )

Components of non
h y d r o c a rb o n n a t u ra l g as
( g a s)

Hydrocarbon components in the form of compounds, a

compound of the n-paraffins and iso-paraffins

Compounds that are not contained in natural gas

(natural gas) is Naften, Aromatics and Olefins

The hydrocarbon component consists of:

CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, iso-C4H10, n-C5H12, iso-C5H12, dan
C6H14+

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

RSH (mercaptans)

COS (carbon disulfide)

CS2 (carbon disulfide)

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

N2 (nitrogen gas)

He (helium)
Hg (mercury)

PARAMETER UJI GAS ALAM

(GAS BUMI)
Should be tested in the laboratory against Gas Natural out of the well
The purpose of testing for natural gas:
1. to determine the content of chemical compounds contained therein
2. to determine the type of process purifikasinya (treating), the number of
unit processes, types
of chemicals used and the dose of chemicals
used

SIFAT SIFAT GAS ALAM

(GAS BUMI)
Properties of natural gas after the reduction / reduction of impurities
(treating):
Having a high-purity hydrocarbons, to ensure the quality and quantity of
natural gas
Not corrode processing equipment as well as products produced
Has a high calorific value when natural gas is used as fuel
The resulting product should not be precipitates (such as heavy
hydrocarbons) on the storage
system
Must have sufficient vapor pressure so as not to jeopardize safety in the
transport, distribution and storage.
On combustion, natural gas must be clean and does not pollute

TABEL PARAMETER UJI GAS ALAM

LPG

13

PENGUJIAN KOMPOSISI
(ASTM D 1945/GPA 2261)
The equipment used is a Gas Chromatography (GC)
The components of the natural gas that is separated by boiling point with
GC equipment are:
- He
CH
CO
2

- O2

H2S

nC5H12

- N2

C3H8

C6H14

- CH4

iC4H10

C7H16 (C6+)

- CO2

nC4H10

The concentration of each component is reported in mole%,% vol, or% wt

KONSEN TR ASI KOM P ON EN D AL A M

GAS AL A M
Generally range (range) concentration of each component contained in
natural gas (according to ASTM D 1945 / GPA 2261) is as follows:
Komponen
- He

Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)

Komponen

Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)

0,01 10

- C3H8

- O2

0,01 20

- iC4H10

0,01 10

- N2

0,01 100

- nC4H10

0,01 10

- CH4

0,01 100

- nC5H12

0,01 2

- CO2

0,01 20

- C6H14

0,01 2

- C2H6

0,01 100

- C7H16 (C6+)

0,01 2

- H2S

0,01 5

0,01 100

SIGNIFICANCE TESTING COMPOSITION

To determine the hydrocarbon components contained in natural gas. With the
known composition, can be used to calculate the physical properties of natural
gas, such as calorific value, vapor pressure, specific gravity. The amount of
content of hydrocarbon components in natural gas natural gas will determine the
quality of both its quality and quantity. The higher the concentration of the
hydrocarbon component of natural gas indicate higher quality.
To determine the non-hydrocarbon components contained in natural gas. With
the known size of the content of each non-hydrocarbon component of natural gas
so that it can also better the quality of natural gas quality and quantity. The
higher the concentration of non-hydrocarbon components show the quality of
natural gas is lower. In addition, the content of non-hydrocarbon component of
natural gas is used to determine the type and dosage of chemicals in the
purification process, so that the products (LNG, LPG or CNG) meet specifications.

TESTING OF CARBON DIOXIDE

(ASTM D 1945)
Equipment used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide is Gas Chromatography (GC)
CO2 testing can be done together with the hydrocarbon component testing
CO2 peak area on the chromatogram peak area sample compared to the CO2 in the
gas chromatogram standard
CO2 is very corrosive to the equipment, in addition to CO2 may freeze on the process
of natural gas liquefaction
Freezing of CO2 gas can cause blockage of the tubes in heat exchangers
When the high CO2 content will lower calorific value of natural gas, this means low
quality natural gas
To determine the type and dosage of chemicals (usually using amine compounds) as
well as the number of treating units in the process of eliminating / decreasing the
concentration of CO2

TESTING HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Performed by the method ASTM D 2385
H2S gas in natural gas is absorbed by using a solution of neutral CdSO4
CdS precipitate formed is filtered and then dissolved in a solution of HCl
The resulting solution was determined by titration yodometri after J2 added
thereto excess
Reports test results stated in wt% H2S, mg / L H2S, or grain H2S / 100 ft3

TESTING TOTAL SULFUR

The method used ASTM D 2784, using Wickbold-Combustion Apparatus,
where sulfur is oxidized in a stream of a mixture of 70% CO2 and 30% O2
gas
SO2 gas formed is passed into a solution of H2O2 produces H2SO4
absorber. then determined by titration or by turbidimetry.
Testing of total sulfur is testing the cleanliness of natural gas properties
It said total sulfur because it is the sum of a variety of sulfur compounds in
natural gas, which is composed of a mercaptan (RSH), hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS)
In its analysis, the total amount of sulfur in the natural gas expressed in wt
%, mg / L, or grain / 100 ft3

TESTING CALORIFIC VALUE

Menetahui magnitude for a calorific value of natural gas, do calculations
using mol%.
The components of the test results according to the method GPA of natural
gas in 2261, with equipment Gas Chromatography (GC)
Calorific value is one of the most important characteristic of natural gas.
Effect of hydrocarbon When
component
of the
caloric
value:gas is
the calorific
value
of natural
expressed in units of heat / unit volume,
then:
The higher the boiling point
hydrocarbon components, the caloric value
will rise. But conversely, the lower the
boiling point, then the lower the caloric
value.

TESTING THE WATER

There are two water contained in natural gas, which is water-soluble natural gas
and water are not dissolved in natural gas.
Water-insoluble in the separate existence of natural gas from natural gas, in the
form of free water.
Testing of water in the gas carried by flowing gas into a hygroscopic substance as
an absorbent (desiccant).
The difference in weight between before and after the experiment is the weight of
water in natural gas.
Testing the water content is not written in detail as a standard method of analysis.
The report results are expressed in units of wt%, ppm or mg / L.

THE EXISTENCE OF MERCURY IN NATURAL GAS

The existence of mercury in natural gas is a gas that is soluble in natural
gas. In the table shown behwa mercury compounds as hydrocarbon
compounds (metalorganic) in natural gas has a high boiling point, then the
mercury is contained in the condensate.
The existence of mercury in the condensate was 5% as mercury, 21% as
inorganic compounds and 74% as a metalorganic compound. It really
depends on the origin of natural gas condensate.
Table Compound
Mercury
Senyawaan
merkuriin Natural Gas (Gas
Titik didih,
Hg
Hg(CH3)2

357
96

Hg(iCH3H7)2

170

Hg(nCH3H7)2

190

Hg(C4H9)2

206

TESTING MERCURY

Testing of mercury (Hg) in natural gas use equipment AAS analysis technique
called:
1. Mechanical formation of mercury vapor (mercury vapor generation)
2. Mechanical vapor formation of hybrids
3. Uptake with gold (with a mercury analyzer tool, eg NIC)

REFINERY GAS
Refinery gas is the noncondensable gas that is obtained during distillation or
treatment (cracking, thermal decomposition) of petroleum (Austin, 1984;
Speight, 1999; Robinson and Faulkner, 2000). It consists mainly of hydrogen
(H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and
olefins (RCH=CHR1, where R and R1 can be hydrogen or a methyl group) and
may also include off-gases from petrochemical processes.
Olefins such as ethylene (ethene, CH2=CH2, boiling point: 104C, 155F),
propene (propylene, CH3CH=CH2, boiling point: 47C, 53F), butene (butene1,CH3CH2CH=CH2, boiling point: 5C, 23F) iso-butylene [(CH3)2C=CH2,
boiling point 6C, 21F], cis- and trans-butene-2 (CH3CH=CHCH3, boiling
point: ~1C, 30F), and butadiene (CH2=CHCH=CH2, boiling point: 4C, 24F)
as well as higher-boiling olefins are produced by various refining processes.

PROPERTIES AND TEST METHODS

Hydrocarbon gases are amenable to analytical techniques, and there has been the
tendency (and it remains) for the determination of both major constituents and trace
constituents more than is the case with the heavier hydrocarbons.The complexity of
the mixtures that are evident as the boiling point of petroleum fractions and
petroleum products increases makes identification of many of the individual
constituents difficult, if not impossible.
In addition, methods have been developed for the determination of physical
characteristics such as calorific value, specific gravity, and enthalpy from the
analyses of mixed hydrocarbon gases, but the accuracy does suffer when compared
with the data produced by methods for the direct determination of these properties.
Bulk physical property tests, such as density and heating value, as well as some
compositional tests, such as the Orsat analysis and the mercuric nitrate method for
the determination of unsaturation, are still used. However, the choice of a particular
test rests on the decision of the analyst that, in turn, depends on the nature of the
gas under study. For example, judgment by the analyst is necessary as to whether or
not a test that is applied to liquefied petroleum gas is suitable for natural gas insofar
as inference from the non-hydrocarbon constituents will be minimal.

1. CALORIFIC VALUE (HEAT OF

COMBUSTION)
Satisfactory combustion of hydrocarbon gases depends on the matching of burner and appliance design with
certain gas characteristics. Various types of test methods are available for the direct determination of calorific
value (ASTM D-900, ASTM D-1826, ASTM D-3588, ASTM D-4981). The most important of these are the Wobbe
index [WI; or Wobbe number = calorific value/(specific gravity] and the flame speed, usually expressed as a factor
or an arbitrary scale on which the value of hydrogen is 100. This factor can be calculated from the gas analysis. In
fact, calorific value and specific gravity can be calculated from compositional analysis (ASTM D-3588). The Wobbe
number gives a measure of the heat input to an appliance through a given aperture at a given gas pressure.
By using this as a vertical coordinate and the flame speed factor (fsf) as the horizontal coordinate a combustion
diagram can be constructed for an appliance, or a whole range of appliances, with the aid of appropriate test
gases.This diagram shows the area within which variations in the WI and fsf of gases may occur for the given
range of appliances without resulting in incomplete combustion, flame lift, or the lighting back of preaerated
flames.
Another important combustion criterion is the gas modulus, M = P/W, where P is the gas pressure and W is the
Wobbe number of the gas. This must remain constant if a given degree of aeration is to be maintained in
apreaerated burner using air at atmospheric pressure.

The sulfur compounds that are mainly responsible for corrosion are hydrogen
sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and, sometimes, elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide and
mercaptans have distinctive unpleasant odors. Control of the total sulfur content,
hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans ensures that the product is not corrosive or
nauseating. Stipulating a satisfactory copper strip test further ensures control of
corrosion. Total sulfur in gas can be determined by combustion (ASTM D-1072),
by the lamp method (ASTM D-1266), or by hydrogenation (ASTM D-3031, ASTM D4468). Trace total organic and bound nitrogen is determined (ASTM D-4629). The
current test method for heavy residues in liquefied petroleum gas (ASTM D-2158)
involves evaporation of a liquefied petroleum gas sample, measuring the volume
of residue and observing the residue for oil stain on a piece of filter paper.