Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MSc Lecture 9:
Smoke
Professor W.K. Chow
Department of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong, China
27 Oct 2015
MScFDSmoke15a.ppt
air entrained.
Fuel
+ Air Product
M
Smoke
CP
UF
Air
The smoke density and toxicity depend on the
material which is burning.
Total volume (quantity) of the smoke produced
depends on the size of the fire and the building
in which it occurs,
i.e. Air entrainment.
C
CO2
CO
O2
N2
H2O
Thermal
radiation
O2N2
Smoke
O2N2
O2N2
O2N2
Air
O2N2
Fuel
Vapour
Liquid fuel
O2N2
A soot particle
Soot:
Shining carbon
particles
Yellow colour
Agglomerate
size is 6 m
Individual
spherules
~ 0.3 m
m
Smoke
0.3 m
DUST GRIT
Smoke Powder
76 m m
Pre-ignition
Particles
(e.g. CH4 , CO)
10 m
-3
10 m
10 m
0.1m
1m
10 m
Detection methods:
Detection by:
1. Particle counting
Ionization Detector
Operating Range
Ionization
Detector
Sensitive
(Turbulent
atmosphere)
Obscuration
Detector Sensitive,
Light Scatter
Detector Sensitive
(Quiescent atmosphere)
Diameter
10
M
Air
CP
UF
M
~
M
Smoke
Air
11
Smoke layer
Height of
clear layer
Entrained air
y
Flames in
smoke plume
Flammable vapours
burning
12
Axisymmetric plume
Very
small fire
Equivalent
point source
[from Butcher, E.G. & Parnell, A. C. , Smoke Control in Fire Safety Design]
13
14
M
Smoke ~ M Air
-1
The rate of smoke production M
Smoke (kgs ) can be estimated
by:
To 1/2
3/2
M
Smoke 0.096 P o y
where
P:
y:
o :
To:
T:
g:
(g
...(1)
15
If
= 1100 K, then
3/2
M
=
0.188
Py
Smoke
...(2)
M
increases.
Smoke
Therefore, fire size has to be limited.
For example, sprinklers are installed to limit the
fire size to within a 3 m 3 m square.
16
17
Smoke
layer
Spill
plume
18
19
20
Light obscuration
Optical density
Smokiness
21
Light obscuration
A measure of the attenuation of a light beam while
passing through smoke.
A beam of incident parallel light of intensity I o is
reduced to Ix after passing through a path length x of
Source
smoke.
Io
x
Ix
The light obscuration Sx expressed as a percentage is:
Io I x
Sx (
) 100 %
Io
or S 100 (1 - I x )
x
Io
...(3)
22
Optical density
I -I
x x +x
I Ix
OD x log10
IO
Ix
...(4)
OD x l
IO
log10
1
Ix
IO
10
Ix
I x 0.1 I O
23
Put in (4):
Ix
)
Io
Ix
S
1- x
Io
100
Io
100
Ix
100 Sx
100
OD x log10
100 Sx
log10 100 log10 (100 Sx )
2 log10 (100 Sx )
...(5)
24
x c
ODx
= xcB
...(6)
25
...(7)
26
Smokiness
OD x
Smokiness
x
Io
1
log10 ( )
x
Ix
cB
...(8)
27
(4) Visibility
Subjective feeling of how far people can see through
smoke.
It depends on:
(i) Smoke:
28
Thickness
(mm)
Plasterboard
Fibre insulating board
Chipboard
Birch plywood
Hardboard
Melamine faced hardboard
PVC faced hardboard
Rigid PVC
Polyurethane sandwich board
Glass fibre reinforced polyester
(flame retardant)
9.5
10.7
12.7
6.4
3.7
3.2
5.7
1.6
13
3.3
17
18
2.7
4.2
4.2
4
3
2.8
4.7
1.5
Smouldering
combustion of
sample
15
2.7
1.5
2.3
2.2
3.3
3.8
3
4
1.6
A
OD/x Multiply by 10 to give dB/m
Comparison of visibility measurements.
[from Butcher, E.G. & Parnell, A. C. , Smoke Control in Fire Safety Design]
29
30
(b)
1
Visibility (in metres)
optical density per metre
Visibility (in metres)
2.5
optical density per metre
31
32
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Hydrogen sulphide
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Chlorine
Phosgene
Phosphorous trichloride
Acrolein
Bromine
5000
100
100
25
20
10
5
5
5
3
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.1
100000
4000
4000
12000
600
300
1500
500
120
100
50
25
70
20
50
33
LT50
IT50
EC50
LC50
IC50
EC50 is the
LC50 is used to
IC50 is the
effect
denote the
concentration
concentration concentration of necessary to
which is used materials or fire incapacitate
for any
effluent that
50 % of the
observed
produces death animals for a
response of the in 50 % of the
specified
animal.
animals for a exposure time.
specified
exposure time.
34
35
Smoke toxicant
Smoke toxicants
Asphyxiants
CO
HCN
Irritants
CO2
HBr
Halogen acid
Organic
HCl
Acrolein
Irritation of eyes
Pulmonary irritation
coughing
36
Calculation of LC50
n
ci
dt
i 1 t 0 ct i
FED
FED
21 [O2 ]
m[CO ]
[ HCN ]
[ HCl ]
[ HBr ]
FED
LC 50
m[CO ]
21 [O2 ] [ HCN ] [ HCl / HBr ]
37
Experiment
38
39
40
LC50(gm-3)
Pine
50.7
False ceiling
84.4
PMMA
255.5
Beech
147.4
136.5
PVC
30.8
Maple
107.2
Teak
98.8
Oak
108.3
41
42
Warm
Po gh
p
Po
Cold
43
Inside
Outside
Ti 1i P1i
To o1 Po1
P o: Reference pressure
44
1i Ti 1o To 273 273
...(9)
P1i Po P1i / y 0 - 1i g y
...(10)
P1o Po P1o / y 0 - 1o g y
...(11)
P P1i - P1o
- 1i g y 1o g y P/ y 0
i
i Ti
- 1 g y 1 g y P/ y 0
To
1 1
- 1i Ti ( - ) g y P/ y 0
Ti To
1 1
P - 273 273 ( - ) g y P/ y 0
Ti To
45
1 1
P - 273 273 ( - ) g h
Ti To
1 1
3.46 103 ( - ) h
Ti To
If
Ti>T0
Pin>Pout
P
Hot
Cold
Cold
Hot
46
47
Wind effect
Wind pressure exerted on a surface:
1
Pw C w o Vw2
2
Vw : Wind speed
o : Outside air density : 1.2 kgm-3
Cw : wind pressure coefficient
-0.8
to
(Leeward)
0.8
(Windward)
48
49
barrier.
50
51
52
gHQ 1/3
Vc = 0.61 (
)
C p ATf
ceiling jet
H: Height of corridor (or tunnel)
Q: Heat power
Tf: Hot air temp
A: Cross sectional area
Vc
Vc
H
Vair
53
Back-layering
High V air
Low V air
54
References
1. Klote, J.K. and Milke, J.A., Design of smoke
management systems, ASHRAE, SFPE, 1992.
2. NFPA 92, Guide for smoke management systems
in malls, atria, and large areas, National Fire
Protection Association, 2012.
3. Li, Y.Z., Huo R. and Chow, W.K., On the
operation time of horizontal ceiling vent in an
atrium, Journal of Fire Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 1,
p. 37-51, 2002.