Automobile Pollution

Submitted By:- Patel Kaushal A. [ 15ENV015

Types Of Automobile
Emission
Exhaust Emissions are produced by cars, buses, and
motorcycles.

Four basic types of exhaust emissions:

1. Hydrocarbons (HC)
2. Carbon monoxides (CO)
3. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
4. Particulates.

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Resulting from the release of unburned fuel into the atmosphe

Produced by incomplete combustion or by fuel evaporation.
Mostly related to ignition problems.

Effect could be eye, throat, and lung irritation, and, possibly c

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Extremely toxic emission resulting from the release of partially

burned fuel (incomplete combustion of petroleum-based fuel).

CO prevents human blood cells from carrying oxygen to body

Symptoms are headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and fatigue

A rich air-fuel would increase CO; lean air-fuel mixture would lo

CO emissions.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Produced by extremely high temperatures during combustion

Air consist of about 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

With enough heat (above 2500F / 1370C), nitrogen and oxy

in air-fuel mixture combines to form NOx emissions.

An engine with high compression ratio, lean air-fuel mixture,

high-temperature thermostat will produce high combustion h
resulting in formation of NOx.

Sources of Automobile
Emission

SOURCES OF VEHICLE EMISSONS

Engine Crankcase Blow-by Fumes (20%) heating oil

and burning of fuel that blows past piston rings and into
the crankcase.

Fuel Vapour (20%) chemicals that

enter the air as fuel evaporate.

Engine Exhaust (60%)- blown out the tailpipe

when engine burns a hydrocarbon based fuel.

Photochemical Smog
Action of sunlight upon the exhaust gases to form pollutants
harmful at low altitudes
Mixture of air pollutants
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Ozone
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PAN)
A major concern in urban cities-capable of travelling with wind
affecting huge population

Pollutants in Photochemical S
Ozone

Production at low altitudes

NOx from exhaust gases
Ozone production is dominant
when NO2/NO is greater than 3

Effects of Ground Level Ozone

Damage to crops
Irritates the respiratory tract and eyes
High levels of O3 results in chest tightness, coughing and
wheezing
Increased hospital admissions and premature death

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Carbon based molecules (aldehydes, ketones,
hydrocarbons)
Short- and long-term adverse health effects
Sources
- Paints; wood preservatives; aerosol sprays;
cleansers and disinfectants; moth repellents and
air fresheners etc.
Health Effects
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches;
damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous
system. Some organics can cause cancer in
animals; some are suspected or known to cause
cancer in humans.

PAN
Important contributor to photochemical smog

Secondary pollutant-formed from other

pollutants by chemical reaction
Contributor to production of groundlevel
ozone, by transporting NOx
Powerful respiratory and eye irritants and toxic
Higher concentrations lead to damage of
vegetation

Peroxylacetyl Nitrate (PAN)

Production
NO2 + hv NO + O

Produce O,
O3

O + O2 + M O3 + M
NO + O3 NO2 + O2

RH - hydrocarbon
R* - HC radical
R - methyl CH3

PAN CH3

NO

Topography and Meterology

Two factors influencing the formation of
photochemical smog
Topography
Very important for
formation of photochemical
smog
Restriction of air movement,
city in valley experience
more smog problem,
than plains
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/
ritter/images/atmosphere/misc/s

Temperature Inversion
Increase of air temperature
with height for some distance
above
ground causing the smog

trapped close to ground

Consequences
- Air becomes still and dust
and pollutants are no
longer lifted from surface
Serious problem in many
cities
http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpu

Emission standards
Emission standardsare requirements that
set
specific
limits
to
the
amount
ofpollutantsthat can be released into the
environment. Many emissions standards focus
on
regulating
pollutants
released
byautomobiles(motor
cars)
and
other
poweredvehiclesbut they can also regulate
emissions fromindustry, power plants, small
equipment such as lawn mowers and
dieselgenerators.
Vehicle emission performance standard:
Anemission performance standardis a limit
that sets thresholds above which a different
type of emission control technology might be

Bharat Stage Emission

Standards
Bharat stage emission standards are emission
standards instituted by theGovernment of
Indiato regulate the output of air pollutants
from internal combustion engine equipment,
including motor vehicles. The standards and
the timeline for implementation are set by the
Central Pollution Control Board under the
Ministry of Environment & Forests.

History

The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991

for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed
by making theCatalytic converter mandatory for petrol
vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the
market.
On April 29, 1999 theSupreme Court of Indiaruled that all
vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms
by June 1, 1999 and Euro II will be mandatory in theNCR
by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for this
transition
and
in
a
subsequent
judgment
the
implementation date for Euro II was not enforced...
In 2002, the Indian government accepted the report
submitted by theMashelkarcommittee. The committee
proposed a road map for the roll out ofEuro based emission
normsfor India. It also recommended a phased
implementation of future norms with the regulations being
implemented in major cities first and extended to the rest
of the country after a few years.

Based on the recommendations of the committee, the

National Auto Fuel policy was announced officially in
2003. The roadmap for implementation of the Bharat
Stage norms were laid out till 2010. The policy also
created guidelines for auto fuels, reduction of pollution
from older vehicles and R&D for air quality data creation
administration
and
The health
standards,
based on European regulations were first
introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have
been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured
after the implementation of the norms have to be
compliant with the regulations.Since October 2010, Bharat
stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In
13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in
place since April 2010.
The phasing out of 2 stroke engine for two wheelers,the
stoppage of production of Maruti 800& introduction of
electronic controls have been due to the regulations
related to vehicular emissions.
While the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it
invariably results in increased vehicle cost due to the
improved technology & higher fuel prices. However, this

For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) was made applicable from April 1, 2005 and
Stage III (Euro 3) standards came in force from April 1, 2010

Fuel Quality Specifications:

Diesel and Gasoline fuel quality with respect to environment
related parameters had been notified under Environment
(Protection) Act during April 1996. The specifications include low
leaded gasoline, unleaded gasoline and low sulphur diesel.
(i) Unleaded Gasoline:
With the progressive reduction of lead content in petrol (from
0.56 gm/1 to 0. 15 gm/1 and then to 0.013 g/1 in unleaded
petrol) introduction of unleaded petrol for new passenger cars
from April, 1995 and supply of only unleaded petrol for all
vehicles from September, 1998, in NCTDelhi a lethal pollutant
from vehicular exhaust has been removed. The lead content in
the atmosphere near traffic intersections of Delhi has reduced by
more than 60% with the introduction of unleaded petrol (Table
9.10).

Gasoline Lead Phase out Programme in India:

Phase

Introduction date Gasoline Lead

Phase -I

June, 1994

Areas covered

Low leaded (0.15 Cities of Delhi, Mumbai,

g/1)
Kolkata and Chennai.

Phase II 1.4.1995

Unleaded (0.013
g/1) (low leaded)

Phase III 1.1.1997

Low leaded (0.15 Entire country.

g/1)

Phase IV 1.9.1998

Ban on leaded
fuel only
unleaded fuel)

NCT Delhi and 45

other cities.

Phase V 31.12.1998
(Advanced to
1.9.98)

Unleaded (0.013
g/1) (low leaded)

All other capitals of

States/UTs and other
major cities.

Phase VI 1.1.1999

Unleaded (0.013
g/1)

National Capital Region.

Phase
VII

Unleaded (0.013
g/1)

Entire Country.

1.2.2000

Cities of Delhi, Mumbai,

Kolkata and Chennai.

Benzene Reduction:
The fear of increased emission of benzene and
reduced performance of engines by the use of
unleaded petrol has also been falsified. The oil
refineries were told to combine the benzene content
in the unleaded petrol upto 5% (v/v) in 1996 and 3%
(v/v) from the year 2000.
In addition to phasing out of lead, it is considered
necessary to reduce the benzene (to 1% or lower)
and aromatics in petrol not only for Delhi but also
for other parts of the country. The benzene
reduction programme is given in Table

Gasoline Benzene Reduction Programme:

Date of
Introduction

Benzene
content

Areas Covered

Before 1966

No specification
for Benzene

Entire Country

April 2000

3% Benzene

Metro Cities

November 2000

1% Benzene

NCT and Mumbai

2005

1% Benzene

Entire Country

Sulphur in Diesel:
Sulphur content in diesel supplied in Delhi was
reduced to 0.5% in 1996 and it was further
reduced to 0.25% from April 1996 onward. The
diesel with 0.25% sulphur has been made
available throughout the country by September,
1999.
Considering the fact that several countries have
introduced diesel with much lower sulphur
content and it is necessary to have low sulphur
diesel for meeting the emission norms beyond
EURO-II norms (for EURO-I to EURO-II norms,
sulphur content in diesel is 0.3%), the refineries
will need to take steps for bringing down the
sulphur content.
As per Supreme Court order (10th May 2000)

Existing Inspection system

Motor vehiclex
Private vehiclex

Tramxport vehiclex
Fitness certificate

New Vehicles: 2 years

Old xehicles : 1 year

Re-registration after 15 years

No fitness certificate required

PUC checking

Existing Institutional structure

Central Goxernment

Enacting Law
Setting standards
policy guidelines
Administering law

State Goxernment

R.T.O

Creating necessary
infrastructure
Granting fitness
certificate
Enforcement

Action plan
Dexelop a comprehensixe I&C programme
Policy reforms
Coxerage

Technical specifications

Contents

Amendments in
Acts

Frequency

Equipment
Specification

Institutional
arrangements

Test procedures

Set up model xehicle

inspection centers

Cost estimates
Prixate sector participation

Supporting
measures

Inxite tenders and award contract

Phased Implementation of Plan

Maintenance
program

Frequency of Inspection