Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Types of Parallelism
Presented to: Ms.
Atyah Rahman
Presented by:
Rashida Kausar
Bhatti (3021)
4th Semester, M.Phil
Linguistics
December 1,2013
Rashida Kausar
Bhatti
Introduction
December 1,2013
Parallelism
Linguistic phenomenon
Explains the relationship that may
be understood between units of
linguistic structures
In parallelism, there is always a
relationship in the structures and
ideas so just apposed generally in
the form of synonymy, repetition,
antithesis, apposition and other
forms.
December 1,2013
Definition
Sameness relationship between two
sections of a text.Example: Out of
sight-out of mind. (Fabb,1997)
Parallelism is the most useful and
flexible aspect of poetic
language.(Leech 1969).
December 1,2013
Common Examples of
Parallelism
A Tale of
Two Cities
by Charles
Dickens
Repetition of
Parallel
structures
Phonological
Lexical
Structural
December 1,2013
Example
- - -
) : (
( -
):
- -
-
December 1,2013
Types of Parallelism
Phonological Parallelism
December 1,2013
10
Types of Parallelism
Phonological parallelism
Morphological parallelism
Grammatical / Syntactical
parallelism
Lexical / Semantic parallelism
Extended parallelism
December 1,2013
11
Phonological Parallelism
Repetition of similar sounds
Includes assonance, alliteration,
consonance, and rhyme
December 1,2013
12
December 1,2013
13
December 1,2013
14
December 1,2013
15
December 1,2013
16
Morphological Parallelism
Repetition of Morphemes
Less used than Syntactic parallelism
I kissed thee ere I killed thee.
Shakespear,Othello.Act III:Sc.III:pg 358
December 1,2013
17
Nazish Ashfaq
December 1,2013
18
Syntactic Parallelism
Focuses more "grammatical
Short (1985) quotes the following line
from Shakespeare's Othello as the
"best example ever" of parallelism:
Example:1
I kissed thee ere I killed thee.
December 1,2013
19
December 1,2013
20
December 1,2013
21
December 1,2013
22
December 1,2013
23
December 1,2013
24
Examples
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride
a bicycle.
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding
a bicycle.
December 1,2013
25
Examples
He is talented, intelligent and has charm.
He is talented, intelligent and charming.
The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, accurately, and in
a detailed manner.
The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, accurately, and
thoroughly.
December 1,2013
26
Effects of parallelism
Antithesis: opposite ideas are put
together
Alexander Pope in his An Essay on
Criticism uses antithetic parallel
structure:
To err is human; to forgive divine.
December 1,2013
27
-
):(
- -
) : (
28
December 1,2013
December 1,2013
29
Extended Parallelism
Usually found in Jokes, novels and funny stories where
Parallelism go on longer
Example: Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Al Gore die and go to meet God.
Al goes first.
God asks him: Who are you?
Al replies: I am the Vice-President of the United States of America!
God says: Very well, come and sit on my left-hand side.
Bill goes next.
God asks him: Who are you?
Bill replies: I am the President of the United States of America!
God says: Very well, come and sit on my right-hand side.
Hillary goes last.
God asks her: And who are you?
Hillary replies: I am Hillary Clinton, and what are you doing sitting in my
place?!!
December 1,2013
30
References
MINGZHU Z(2012) The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis
of Woolfian Parallelism in To the Lighthouse. Minzu University of China.
IJES http://revistas.um.es/ijes Retrieved on November 20,2013
Leech, G. (1969) A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Longman
Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007) Style in Fiction (2nd ed.) Pearson
Education Ltd.
Jakobson, Roman. 1987. "The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of
Poetry." In Language in Literature. K. Pomorska and S. Rudy, eds. Pp.
121-144. Cambridge, MA: The Belnap Press of Harvard University
December 1,2013
31
December 1,2013
32
December 1,2013
33