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Growth of Internet
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No production cost ●
No inventory to carry
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Low cost infrastructure ●
No order processing
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No fees for joining or licenses to ● No product shipping
buy ●
No customer service concerns
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Choice of products and services ●
Make money while you sleep
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No sales experience needed ●
The world at your doorstep
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No employees required ●
Minimal risk
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No expensive accounts needed ●
High income potential
Multimedia Over IP Multicast Network
Multimedia Over IP Multicast Network
Delivering Realtime Multimedia over Internet
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framework for transporting realtime Internet video
includes two components: congestion control and error
control
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Congestion control consists of rate control, rate
adaptive encoding, and rate shaping
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Error control consists of forward error correction (FEC),
retransmission, error resilience, and error concealment
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QoS issues are bandwidth, delays and loss of data
Heterogeneity Network Environment
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Network heterogeneity and Receiver heterogeneity
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Network heterogeneity refers to the subnetworks in
the Internet having unevenly distributed resources (e.g.,
processing, bandwidth, storage, and congestion control
policies).
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Receiver heterogeneity means that receivers have
different or even varying latency requirements, visual
quality requirements, and/or processing capability.
Heterogeneity Network Environment
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Networkcentric approach:
– Routers/switches in the network are required to provide QoS
support to guarantee bandwidth, bounded delay, delay jitter,
and packet loss for video applications (e.g., integrated
services, or differentiated services).
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Endsystem based approach:
– Control techniques to maximize the video quality without any
QoS support from the transport network.
– The integrated solutions is based on both transport (use of
control/processing techniques without regard of the specific
video) and compression perspectives (employing signal
processing techniques with consideration of the video
semantics).
Heterogeneity Network Environment
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Congestion Control:
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Bursty loss and excessive delay are caused by network
congestion
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Reduce packet loss and delay
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Rate control matches the rate of the video stream to the
available network bandwidth.
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Rateadaptive video encoding or rate shaping is required.
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Rate control is from the transport perspective, while rate
adaptive video encoding is from the compression
perspective; rate shaping is in both transport and
compression domain.
Heterogeneity Network Environment
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Error Control
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Four types: Forward error correction (FEC),
retransmission, error resilience, and error concealment.
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FEC adds redundant information to a compressed video
bit stream so that the original video can be reconstructed
the in presence of packet loss. Three kinds of FEC:
– channel coding;
– source codingbased FEC;
– joint source/channel coding.
Internet Multimedia Applications
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Classes of multimedia applications
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Streaming Stored Multimedia Data Applications
– Clients request ondemand data (for example, compressed
audio or video files) which is stored on servers.
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One to many streaming of realtime data applications
– Similar to ordinary broadcast of radio and television, except
the transmission takes place over the Internet.
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Realtime interactive multimedia applications
– Allows people to use audio/video to communicate with each
other in realtime
Multimedia Data Streaming
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Significant improvement over the downloadandplay
approach to multimedia file distribution
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Allows the data to be delivered to the client as a continuous
flow with minimal delay before playback can begin
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Streaming is a server/client technology that allows live or
prerecorded data to be broadcast in real time
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Multimedia applications such as news, education, training,
entertainment, advertising, and a host of other uses
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Streaming enables the Internet or company Intranet as a
new broadcast medium for audio and video.
Multimedia Data Streaming
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Example:
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If there are 100 requests for example, for a video stream
compressed at 28.8 Kbps, the server would require at least
a 3 Mbps connection. The Encoding Station and the Video
Streaming Server can be one single system. However,
unless hardware encoding is used, this would typically be
for a situations requiring limited performance (e.g. a single
input stream and a small number of viewer requests). Even
so, it would still require a fairly highperformance system.
It is much more common to have two separate systems.
Multimedia Data Streaming
Unicast vs. IP Multicast
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Streaming delivery techniques: Unicast and Multicast.
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Unicast: Computers establish twoway, pointtopoint
connections. Client computer can communicate with the
computer supplying the multimedia stream. Each client that
connects to the server receives a separate stream, which
rapidly uses up network bandwidth.
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IP Multicast: One computer sends a single copy of the data
over the network and many computers receive that data.
Only a single copy of the data is sent across the network,
which preserves network bandwidth. It is connectionless;
clients have no control over the streams they receive
Web Multimedia Information Systems
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Web Process
– Organizing entity that determines a set of activities and
specifies their relations
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Activity
– Process step, which participates in the fulfillment of an
overall objective. An agent who satisfies the required skills
and rights (paradigm of role) fulfilled it.
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Activities Synchronization
– Temporal preconditions to define a temporal order between
activities, Alternatives to let the user decide on the media
to use for a specific purpose, Parallelism between activities
what is especially useful in the case of collaborative work.
Web Information System Architecture
Interactive Web Pages
Interactive Multimedia Applications
Multimedia Services & Applications
Multimedia Services & Applications
Video Streaming
Interactive Multimedia Applications
Interactive Multimedia Applications
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Flexible scheduling based on a finite set of channels available to
all viewers
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A set of channels are multicast to all viewers tuned to the
respective channel.
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Viewers may watch a program playing on any channel or make
a request for something of their own choosing. Viewers' requests
are scheduled on one of the jukebox's channels using scheduling
criteria like minimum waiting time, etc.
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A schedule of currently playing and scheduled programs,
updated in realtime, is available to all viewers. Viewers can
watch any program, including those scheduled by others, by
tuning to the appropriate channel.
Jukebox Policies
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Contentbased scheduling
– Limitations may be imposed based on the content
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Service provider scheduling
– A service provider may have a desire or obligation to
schedule certain programs at certain times
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Limited viewer input
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A service provider may want to blunt the ability of
individual viewers to control what programs are playing
Jukebox Architecture
Jukebox Architecture
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Scheduling control: The scheduler receivers viewer
requests, performs scheduling, controls the video server,
and provides a schedule of programs to all viewers.
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Video server: The video server transmits audio/video
streams into the network
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Network: The network must provide an effcient multicast
facility and have sufficient bandwidth to meeting viewer
quality expectations
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Receivers: Receivers must be able to receive, decode, and
display an audio/video stream.
Collaborative Work
Collaboration Work
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Client: A client can send some session requests to a
session server to create or join the session so that it can
take part in some meeting.
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Media Server: A media server is a RTP Channel for audio
and video communication between clients.
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Session Server: The session server is the core of the XGSP,
which can accept request of various clients and organize
the video conference.
Multimedia Messaging System
MMS Network Architecture
MMS Operation
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Sending Messages: A user sends a message by having its MMSUA
submit the message to its home MMSRS.
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Receiving Messages: Upon reception of a message, the recipient
MMSRS verifies the recipient profile and generates a notification to
the recipient MMSUA.
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Message Adaptation: Within a request for delivery of a message, the
recipient MMSUA can indicate its capabilities, e.g., a list of
supported media types and media formats, for the recipient MMS
RS.t
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Delivery Reports: If a delivery report has been requested by the
originator MMSUA and if the recipient MMSUA did not request a
delivery report not to be generated, the recipient MMSRS generates
a delivery report and delivers the delivery report to the originator
MMSRS.