TE411

Moses Ismail

Lecture 8
Transmission Lines
(Impedance Matching)

Smith Chart
Impedance matching is very important to avoid reflected power (loss of efficiency),
presence of standing waves (SWR), and strong frequency dependences.

Z L Z0
L
Z L Z0

Zg
S

sinusoidal source

Z0

ZL
z=0

We will discuss two methods:

Quarter-wave transformer
Single-stub matching

Quarter-Wave Transformer
Quarter-Wave Transformer: First consider a real load.

l /4

Z0

Z0T

Z L = RL

Zin

Z L jZ 0T tan l
Z in Z 0T

jZ
tan

L
0T

2

tan
4
2

tan l tan
2
Z 0T
Z in
ZL

2
Z 0T
Hence Z in
real
RL

Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

l /4

Z0

Z0T

Z L = RL

Zin
Set

Z in Z 0
Hence

This yields

2
Z 0T
Z0
RL

Z 0T Z 0 RL
Z 0T

Thus the tranformer section characteristic

impedance is the geometric mean of the
line and load impedances.

Z0

RL Z 0T

Z 0T
Z0

RL

Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

Next, consider a general (complex) load impedance ZL.

l /4

Z0

Z0T

Ys

Y L = 1 / ZL
YL GL jBL

shunt (parallel) susceptance

Ys jBs jBL
l /4

New model:

Z0

Z0T

YLeq GL
Z Leq RLeq 1 GL

Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

Summary of quarter-wave transformer matching method

l /4

Z0

Z0T
Ys = jBs

Z 0T Z 0 / GL
Bs BL

YL = GL + j BL

Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

l /4

Z0

Z0T

YL = GL + j BL
Bs = - BL

Z0s
ls

jX s jZ 0 s tan sls

1
1
j
jBs
Bs

Bs Y0 s cot sls

Single-Stub Matching
A susceptance is added at a distance d from the load.
d

ZL

Y0 = 1 / Z0
Ys jBs

Yin
1) We choose the distance d so that at this distance from the load

Yin Y0 jBin

(i.e., Gin = Y0)

2) We then choose the shunt susceptance so that

Bs Bin

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

d
Ys jBs

Y0 = 1 / Z0

ZL

Yin Y0
The feeding transmission line on the left sees a perfect match.

Yin Y0 jBin
Bs Bin

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

d
Z0

ZL

Z0s
ls

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

We use the Smith chart as an admittance calculator to determine the
distance d.

d
Z0

ZL

Z0s
ls

1) Convert the load impedance to a load admittance YL.

2) Determine the distance d to make the normalized input conductance equal to 1.0.
3) If desired, we can also use the Smith chart to find the stub length.

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Example

Z 0 50[]
Z L 100 j100 []
d
Z0

ZL

Z0s

Z LN 2 j 2

ls

1
Y
0.25 j .25
2 j2
N
L

Z L Z 0 Z LN 1
L
N
Z L Z0 Z L 1

L 0.62 e j /6 0.62 30o

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

d 0.041 0.178 0.219

or 0.041 0.322 0.363

0.178

Solution :
Add - j1.57 at d 0.219
or

use this one

j1.57 at d 0.362

1 j1.57
X

0.219

Z LN 2 j 2

0.363
X

0.041

Smith chart scale:

1 j1.57

YLN 0.25 j 0.25

wavelengths toward load

wavelengths toward generator

0.322

Fig 6.18

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

UNMATCHED

1+ L 1.62

1.62
1.55

1.0

ZL

V z / V

0.78

V 1
0

1- L 0.38

0.38

z
0.292 0.219

X Z LN

1.55
0.38
0.78

0.042

0.042

Crank diagram

1.62

0.219

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

1+ L 1.62

1.62

UNMATCHED

1.55

1.0
ZL

0.78

SWR = 4.26
0

V z / V
1- L 0.38

0.38

z
0.292 0.219

0.042

MATCHED
1.62

ZL

jBs

1.55

SWR = 1.0
V z / V

0.78

0.219

0.219

0.042

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Next, we find the length of the short-circuited stub: BsN 1.57
Rotate clockwise from S/C to desired Bs value.
Im z

0+j1

Assume Z0s = Z0
Otherwise, we have to first
denormalize to the line
impedance, then renormalize to
stub characteristic impedance!

0+j2

0+j0.5

S/C

0+j0

Yn

O/C

Re z

0-j0.5

0-j2
0-j1

admittance chart

BsN 1.57

Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

admittance chart

From the Smith chart:

ls 0.09
T .G. 0.250
Analytically:

xS/C

O/C

BsN cot l
1.57 cot l
1
cot l 1.57; tan l
1.57
2
l
l 0.567 [radians]

ls 0.0903

0.09
0 j1.57

T .G. 0.259