Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Systems
Manish Mistry
Emission Categories
Transitional low- Super ultra lowemission vehicle
emission
(TLEV)
vehicle (SULEV)
Low-emission
Partial zero
vehicle (LEV)
emission
vehicle (PZEV)
Ultra lowemission vehicle Zero emission
(ULEV)
vehicle (ZEV)
Clean fueled
continued
vehicle (CFV)
Exhaust Gases
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Molecules of unburned gasoline
Exhaust Gases
Oxygen
Part of the air in the air/fuel mixture
Not a pollutant
Carbon Dioxide
Formed when carbon molecules join
with oxygen molecules during
combustion process
continued
Emission Sources
Engine crankcase
Combustion gases that have bypassed
the piston rings
Can emit untreated gases to atmosphere
Pollutes engine oil
Fuel system
Unburned fuel vapors
Exhaust
Combustion gases that contain harmful
pollutants
6
Chapter 31
continued
PCV Operation
Idle or deceleration
Blowby gasses flow through a small
opening in the closed valve.
Part throttle
PCV spring moves the valve to
increase the opening.
continued
Chapter 31
An Evaporative Emissions
System
continued
Chapter 31
Charcoal Canister
continued
Chapter 31
Knock Sensors
Knock sensors are engine mounted
sense vibrations caused by
detonation.
A piezoelectric sensing element is
mounted in the knock sensor, and a
resistor is connected parallel to this
sensing element.
The sensing element changes this
vibration into an analog voltage
continued
which is sent to the knock sensor
Chapter 31
Knock Sensors
continued
Chapter 31
5. Air Injection
Since. no internal combustion engine is 100%
efficient, there
will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust.
This
increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this
source of
emissions an air injection system was created.
Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat.
Without any one
of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the
exhaust
manifold there is sufficient heat to support
combustion, if we
introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel
will ignite.
Vacuum-operated
Negative backpressure
Digital
Three solenoid type
Linear
continued
Chapter 31
A Vacuum-Operated EGR
Valve
continued
Chapter 31
continued
Chapter 31
Digital
continued
Chapter 31
continued
Chapter 31
continued
Chapter 31
An Oxidizing Catalytic
Converter
continued
Chapter 31
A Three-way Catalytic
Converter
continued
Chapter 31
An Example of a Secondary
Air System
continued
Chapter 31
2/3 Wheelers ##
2-Stroke
Norms
* Intake, exhaust,
Euro I /India 2000
4 Wheelers
4-Stroke
4-Stroke
* Intake, exhaust,
* 4-Stroke engine
combustion
technology
optimization
* Catalytic converter
combustion
optimization
*Carburetor
optimization
*
Euro II /
Secondary
injection
Bharat Stage II
* Catalytic converter
* CNG / LPG
(3 wheelers only)
* Secondary air
injection
* CNG / LPG
(3 wheelers only)
* Fuel injection
* Catalytic converter
* Fixed EGR
* Multi-valve
* CNG/LPG
*
EuroIII/
* Fuel injection
* Fuel injection
* Catalytic converter
* Carburetor+
catalytic converter
Fuel
injection
+catalytic
converter
* Variable EGR
* Variable valve timing
* Multi-valve
* On-board diagnostics
system
* CNG/LPG
* Direct cylinder
Euro IV /
Bharat Stage IV
* To be developed
* Lean burn
* Fuel injection+
catalytic converter
injection
* Multi-brick
catalytic converter
* On-board
system
diagnostics
Technology Options
Intake, exhaust and combustion optimisation
Euro II /
Bharat Stage II
Euro III /
Bharat Stage III
Euro IV /
Bharat Stage IV
NOx trap
On board Diagnostics system
Common rail injection-injection pressure>1600 bar
Fuel Cell
CNG/LPG
Summary
Unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen are
three types of emissions being
controlled in gasoline engines.
The PCV system removes blowby
gases from the crankcase and
recirculates them to the engine
intake.
continued
Chapter 31
Summary
An evaporative (EVAP) emission
system stores vapours from the fuel
tank in a charcoal canister until they
routed back to the engine.
The EGR system allows exhaust
gasses to be recirculated into the
intake manifold to lower combustion
temperatures and reduce NOX
emissions.
continued
Chapter 31
Summary
Many secondary air injection
systems pump air into the
exhaust ports during engine
warm-up, and deliver air to the
catalytic converters with the
engine at normal operating
temperature.
Chapter 31