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Trade in Goods

Outline
History of Contemporary
International Trade Law
Protectionism
The Bretton Woods Systems
The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade
Multilateral Trade Negotiations
The Uruguay Round

Outline (contd)
World Trade Organization
The WTO Agreement
Membership of the WTO
Structure of the WTO
Decision Making with the WTO
Waivers
Dispute Settlement
Trade Policy Review

Outline (contd)
The 1994 GATT
Direct Effect
Nondiscrimination
Protection Only through Tariffs
Transparency
Regional Integration
Commodity Arrangements
Escape Clause
Exceptions
Export Controls
Other Multilateral Export-Control Programs

Outline (contd)
Multilateral Trade Agreements
Customs Valuation
Preshipment Inspection
Technical Barriers to Trade
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Trade related investment measures
Import-Licensing Procedures
Anti-dumping
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
Safeguards
Agriculture
Textiles and Clothing
Rules of Origin

History of Contemporary
International Trade Law
Protectionism
The Bretton Woods Systems
IMF
World Bank (IBRD)
ITO (now defunct)

The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade


Commit to negotiate reductions in customs tariffs and other
impediments to international trade
Most-favored nation status
National treatment
Transparent

Multilateral Trade Negotiations


The Uruguay Round

History of Contemporary
International Trade Law (contd)
Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Contracting parties regularly meet
Rounds
Kennedy round
Agenda
Techniques used

Tokyo round
Nontariff codes
Customs Valuation
Subsidies and countervailing measures
Anti-dumping
Standards
Import licensing
Government procurement

History of Contemporary
International Trade Law (contd)
The Uruguay Round
Meetings between 1986 to 1994
Established the WTO

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

14 Agreements on Trade in Goods


GATS (services)
TRIPS (intellectual property)
DSU (dispute settlement)
TPRM (trade policy review mechanisms)

WTO
The WTO Agreement
Four basic functions

Implement, administer and carry out WTO


Act as forum
Tribunal
Review of trade policy

Note: Member States

WTO (contd)
Membership of the WTO
Current members

WTO (contd)
Structure of the WTO
See chart
Ministerial Conference
General Council

WTO (contd)
Decision Making with the WTO
Consensus
Reading 7-1

WTO (contd)
Waivers
system of loopholes held together by
waivers

Dispute Settlement
Trade Policy Review

The 1994 GATT


Compare 1947 GATT v. 1994 GATT
Legally distinct

The 1994 GATT (contd)


Direct Effect
Nondiscrimination
MFN Rule
GSP
South-South Preferences
National Treatment Rule

The 1994 GATT (contd)


Protection Only through Tariffs
Tariffs
Bound tariff rates

Transparency
Regional Integration
Free trade areas
Customs unions

Commodity Arrangements
Primary commodities
IPC

The 1994 GATT (contd)


Escape Clause
Safeguards

Exceptions
General exceptions
Security exceptions

Export Controls
Cultural property
National security
Wassenaar Arrangement

The 1994 GATT (contd)


Other Multilateral Export-Control
Programs
Australia Group
Zangger Committee
Nuclear Suppliers Group
Missile Technology Control Regime
UN Action to Maintain International
Peace

Multilateral Trade
Agreements
Customs Valuation
Customs Valuation Code

Transaction value
Deductive value
Computed value
Derived value

Multilateral Trade Agreements


(contd)
Preshipment Inspection (PSI)
Agreement on PSI
Article 2, para 1 (1994)

Multilateral Trade Agreements


(contd)
Technical Barriers to Trade
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Trade related investment measures
(TRIMs)

Multilateral Trade Agreements


(contd)
Import-Licensing Procedures
Anti-dumping
Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures

Multilateral Trade Agreements


(contd)

Safeguards
Agriculture
Textiles and Clothing
Rules of Origin

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