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Development of surfaces
COURSE- B.Tech
SUB- ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
UNIT-3
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
In this topic various plane figures are the objects.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
For T.V.
For Tv
For T.V.
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
FV-1
FV-2
FV-3
Fo
r
-1
TV
-2
TV
ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Apparent Shape
TV-Previous Shape
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Inclined to XY
TV- Reduced Shape
VP
HP
TV
-3
For
F.V
.
VP
VP
d1
a1
a
b
d
c
a1
d1
b1
c1
HP
HP
c1
b1
F.V
.
PROBLEM : A regular pentagon of 25mm side has one side on the ground. Its plane is
inclined at 45 to the HP and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections and show its
traces
b
d
b
d
a
e
a
e
X
45
b1
a1
c1
25
c
e1
e
d
d1
PROBLEM :Draw the projections of a circle of 5 cm diameter having its plane vertical and
inclined at 30 to the V.P. Its centre is 3cm above the H.P. and 2cm in front of the V.P. Show
also its traces
50
3
30
1
8
11
4,
10
81
91
111
101
20
2, 3,
12 11
71
121
61
11
10
51
21
12
41
31
5,
9
6, 7
8
2,
12
3,
11
30
4,
10
9
5,
8
6,
Problem : draw a regular hexagon of 40 mm sides, with its two sides vertical. Draw a circle of
40 mm diameter in its centre. The figure represents a hexagonal plate with a hole in it and
having its surfacre parallel to the VP. Draw its projections when the surface is vertical abd
inclined at 30 to the VP.
a1
aa
12
11
5
6
b1
21
31
41
51
91
11
101
121
111
10
f1
e1
81
71
d1
30
c1
61
Y
e f
a d
e f
10 9 8
11 12
1
7
b c
2
6
3 4
5
10
9
11 8
12
a d
1
7
2
6
3
5 4
b c
Problem : Draw an equilateral triangle of 75 mm sides and inscribe a circle in it. Draw the
projections of the figure, when its plane is vertical and inclined at 30 to the VP and one of the
sides of the triangle is inclined at 45 to the HP.
a 1
a
1
12
11
5
7
41
91
51
81
75
c 1
31
101
21
111
10
11
121
61
71
b1
30
45
Y
a
b
10 9 8
11 12
c
1
7
2
6
3 4
5
10
9
11
8
12
1
6
2
5
PROBLEM : Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm sides, having one of
its side in the H.P. and inclined at 60 to the V.P. and its surface making an angle of
45 with the H.P.
Plane inclined to HP
at 45and to VP
Plane parallel to HP
f
c
a b
c f
de
b
a
e
d
45
a1
f1
b1
d1
d1
Y
e1
c1
f1
e1
a1
a1
d1
b1
60
c1
b1
c1
e1
f 1
PROBLEM : A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC
inclined at 30 to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45 to the V.P. and parallel to the
H.P. Draw its projections.
Keep AC parallel to the H.P.
& BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of
AC as inclination of the
plane)
c1
c
b
d
b
d
45
b1
45 a1
b1
c1
c1
a1
a1
50
d
d1
30
b1
d1
d1
PROBLEM : Draw a rhombus of 100 mm and 60 mm long diagonals with longer diagonal horizontal.
The figure is the top view of a square having 100 mm long diagonals. Draw its front view.
c1
bd
bd
c a
100
a1
c a1
c1
d1
b1
c1
d
100
a1
60
b1
b1
d1
100
60
d1
PROBLEM : Draw projections of a rhombus having diagonals 125 mm and 50 mm long, the
smaller diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined
at 30 to the H.P.
Keep AC parallel to the H.P. &
BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of AC
as inclination of the plane and
inclination of BD as inclination
of edge)
Make BD parallel to XY
c1
b
d
d1
a
30
125
c
d
c1
a1
a1
50
b1
b1
a1
c1
b1
d1
d1
b
d
PROBLEM :A regular hexagon of 40mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface inclined
at45 to the HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP
makes an angle of 60 with the VP. Draw its projections.
Plane inclined to HP
at 45and to VP
Plane parallel to HP
d1
c
e
b
f
c
e
e1
f
b
c1
b1
f 1
45
60
f
f1
a1
f1
a1
e1
e1
b1
a
d1
a1
c1
b
b1
c1
d1
PROBLEM : A semicircular plate of 80mm diameter has its straight edge in the VP and
inclined at 45 to HP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with the VP. Draw its
projections.
Plane inclined at 30 to the V.P.
and straight edge in the H.P.
11
11
1
2
21
21
31
31
41
41
1
7
2
6
61
71
3 4
5
45
51
61
51
71
80
11
71
30
1
6
21
61
3
4
51
41
31
Problem: Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting on the HP on point A on the
circumference. Its plane inclined at 45 to the HP and (a) The top view of the diameter AB
making 30 angle with the VP (b) The the diameter AB making 30 angle with the VP
2, 3,
12 11
4,
10
6, 7
8
5,
9
6
7 11
1
12
8
11
10
3,
2, 11
12
4,
10
45
6, 7
5, 8
9
PROBLEM : A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm X 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P.
and inclined at 30 to the H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 mm long
sides
A rectangle can be seen as a
square in the F.V. only when its
surface is inclined to VP. So for
the first view keep the plane //
to VP & shorter edge to HP
60
c
b1
c1
d1
30
b1
a
a
b
c
d
d1
a1
a1
a1 30
b1
a
b
60
c
d
c1
d1
12
8
11
121
81
91
111
10
71
11
61
51
71
61
101
111
21
81
11
51
21
41
121
30
11
21
2,
12
6, 7
8
41
101
10
5,
9
4,
4,
10
11
2, 3,
12 11
31
111
3,
91
31
121
31
50
41
101
51
5,
91
9
6,
8
81
61
Problem : A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has base 50 mm long and
altitude 70 mm. It is so placed that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of
50 mm sides an done side inclined at 45 to xy. Draw its top view
c1
a1
a1
c
50
c1
b
a.b
b1
b1
70
45
a1
a.b
b1
c1
Problem:
Rectangle 30mm and 50mm
sides is resting on HP on one
small side which is 300 inclined
to VP,while the surface of the
plane makes 450 inclination with
HP. Draw its projections.
Surface // to Hp
Surface inclined to Hp
c1
dc
ab
cd
a b 450
X
d
a1
d1
b1
c1
300
a1
b1
Y
Side
Inclined
to Vp
d1
b1
a1
d1
c1
Problem:
ce
X
b a
ce
450
a1
e1
e1
a1
b1 Y
a1
300
b1
d1
d1
b1
c
c1
e1
b a
d1
c1
c1
Problem:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting
on HP on one of its sides while its opposite
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP.
Draw projections when side in HP is 300
inclined to VP.
SURFACE INCLINATION INDIRECTLY GIVEN
SIDE INCLINATION DIRECTLY GIVEN:
ONLY CHANGE is
the manner in which surface inclination is described:
One side on Hp & its opposite corner 30 mm above Hp.
Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement.
Keep ab on xy & d 30 mm above xy.
b a
ce
ce
30
300
e1
a1
a1
b1
d1
d1
b1
c
b1 Y
a1
e1
c1
e1
a
b
d1
c1
c1
300
Y
600
TL
SOLVE SEPARATELY
ON DRAWING SHEET
GIVING NAMES TO VARIOUS
POINTS AS USUAL,
AS THE CASE IS IMPORTANT
Problem 11:
A hexagonal lamina has its one side in HP and
Its apposite parallel side is 25mm above Hp and
In Vp. Draw its projections.
Take side of hexagon 30 mm long.
25
X ab
c f
de
b
a
e
d
f
c
e1
f1
a1
e1
f1
a1
c1
e1
d
c
b1
d1
c1
b1
d1
f1
c1
a1
d1
b1
As 3rd step
redraw 2nd Tv keeping
side DE on xy line.
Because it is in VP
as said in problem.
IMPORTANT POINTS
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
Problem 12:
An isosceles triangle of 40 mm long
base side, 60 mm long altitude Is
freely suspended from one corner of
Base side.Its plane is 450 inclined to
Vp. Draw its projections.
a1
a
C
b
b1
g1
H
G
c1
c
X
H/3
Y
b
B
b
a,g
a,
g
450
IMPORTANT POINTS
Problem
:A semicircle of 100 mm diameter
is suspended from a point on its
straight edge 30 mm from the midpoint
of that edge so that the surface makes
an angle of 450 with VP.
Draw its projections.
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
20 mm
P
b
CG
g
c
d
Y
b
0.414R
c
a
b c
a p,g d
g
p,
d
SOLIDS
Group B
Group A
Solids
base
of some
olids having top and base of same shape
and having
just a point
as a top,
called shape
apex.
Cylinder
Cone
Prisms
Triangular
Cube
Square
( A solid having
six square faces)
Pentagonal Hexagonal
Pyramids
Triangular
Square
Tetrahedron
( A solid having
Four triangular faces)
Pentagonal Hexagonal
SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Square Prism
Corner of
base
Cylinder
Slant
Edge
Base
Edge
of
Base
Base
Edge
of
Base
Cone
Apex
Apex
Top
Rectangular
Face
Longer
Edge
Square Pyramid
Triangular
Base
Face
Corner of
base
Base
Generators
Imaginary lines
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.
STANDING ON H.P
On its base.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp
And // to Vp.)
F.V.
RESTING ON H.P
On one point of base circle.
(Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp)
F.V.
LYING ON H.P
On one generator.
(Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp)
F.V.
T.V.
T.V.
STANDING ON V.P
RESTING ON V.P
On its base.
On one point of base circle.
Axis perpendicular to Vp
Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp
And // to Hp
T.V.
LYING ON V.P
On one generator.
Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp
PROBLEM: Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism , base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm
long, resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P. with the axis inclined at 45 to the
V.P.
As the axis is to be inclined with the VP, in the first view it must be kept perpendicular to the
VP i.e. true shape of the base will be drawn in the FV with one side on XY line
b 2
b1
a 1
a1
c 3
e 5
a e
25
b
d 4
d1
d
d
31
11
c1
e1
45
21
41
51
c
e
50
a
4
2
5
1 5
4 3
ab
ab
a1
b1
cd
cd
11
12
c1
d1
21
450
12
b2
c3
41
34
34
21
31
30
b1
21
31
c1
11
31
b1
41
a1
d4
11
41
a1
d1
a1
c1
d1
Steps
(1) Draw the TV & FV of the cone assuming its base on the HP
(2) To incline axis at 30 with the HP, incline the base at 60 with HP
and draw the FV and then the TV.
(3) For part (a), to find , draw a line at 45 with XY in the TV, of 50
mm length. Draw the locus of the end of axis. Then cut an arc of
length equal to TV of the axis when it is inclined at 30 with HP. Then
redraw the TV, keeping the axis at new position. Then draw the new
FV
(4) For part (b), draw a line at 45 with XY in the TV. Then redraw
the TV, keeping the axis at new position. Again draw the FV.
30
60
Y
45
45
PROBLEM : A hexagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long has one of its slant edge on the ground. A
plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined at 45 to the V.P. Draw its projections
when the apex is nearer to the V.P. than the base.
The inclination of the axis is given indirectly in this problem. When the slant edge of a pyramid rests on the HP its axis is
inclined with the HP so while deciding first view the axis of the solid must be kept perpendicular to HP i.e. true shape of the
base will be seen in the TV. Secondly when drawing hexagon in the TV we have to keep the corners at the extreme ends.
The vertical plane containing the slant edge on the HP and the axis is seen in the TV as o 1d1 for drawing auxiliary FV draw
an auxiliary plane X1Y1 at 45 from d1o1 extended. Then draw projectors from each point i.e. a 1 to f1 perpendicular to X1Y1
and mark the points measuring their distances in the FV from old XY line.
o
f1
X1
b
f
b1
c
e
c
e
b
f
d
e
o
f1
d1
a1
o1
c1
c1
d1
d
e1
a1
e1
b1
o1
45
Y1
Solution Steps:
1.Assuming standing on HP, begin with TV,a square with all sides
equally inclined to XY. Project FV and name all points of FV & TV.
2.Draw a body-diagonal joining c with 1( This can become // to xy)
3.From 3 drop a perpendicular on this and name it p
4.Draw 2nd Fv in which 3p line is vertical means c-1 diagonal
must be horizontal. .Now as usual project TV..
6.In final TV draw same diagonal is perpendicular to VP as said in problem.
Then as usual project final FV.
a1
bd
bd
2 4
41
c3
b2
4 1
311
d4
a1
c1
1 1
2 1
2 4
11
a1
21
d 1
b1
d1
31
b1
c1
21
41
b1
d1
c1
IMPORTANT:
Tetrahedron is a
special type
of triangular
pyramid in which
base sides &
slant edges are
equal in length.
Solid of four faces.
Like cube it is also
described by One X
dimension only..
Axis length
generally not given.
Solution Steps
As it is resting assume it standing on Hp.
Begin with Tv , an equilateral triangle as side case as shown:
First project base points of Fv on xy, name those & axis line.
From a with TL of edge, 50 mm, cut on axis line & mark o
(as axis is not known, o is finalized by slant edge length)
Then complete Fv.
In 2nd Fv make face obc vertical as said in problem.
And like all previous problems solve completely.
o1
o
TL
90
b
c
b c
c1
a1
b1
c1
450
a1
c1
o1
o1
b1
b1
a1
Problem:
A square pyramid, 40
mm base sides and axis 60 mm long,
has a triangular face on the ground
and the vertical plane containing the
axis makes an angle of 450 with the
VP. Draw its projections. Take apex
nearer to VP
Solution Steps :
Triangular face on Hp , means it is lying on Hp:
1.Assume it standing on Hp.
2.Its Tv will show True Shape of base( square)
3.Draw square of 40mm sides with one side vertical Tv &
taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd Fv in lying position I.e.ocd face on xy. And project its Tv.
6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with Vp
( Vp containing axis ic the center line of 2 nd Tv.Make it 450 to xy as
shown take apex near to xy, as it is nearer to Vp) & project final Fv.
o
ab
cd
d1
a1
c1
c1
d1
a1
o1
o1
d
o1 1
d1
b1
Y
a1
cd
X ab
b1
a1
c1
b 1(APEX
c1
NEARER
TO V.P).
(APEX
AWAY
FROM V.P.)
Problem:A pentagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of its triangular
faces in the VP and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30 with the
HP. Draw its projections.
Step 1. Here the inclination of the axis is given indirectly. As one triangular face of the pyramid is in the VP its axis will be
inclined with the VP. So for drawing the first view keep the axis perpendicular to the VP. So the true shape of the base will
be seen in the FV. Secondly when drawing true shape of the base in the FV, one edge of the base (which is to be inclined
with the HP) must be kept perpendicular to the HP.
Step 2. In the TV side aeo represents a triangular face. So for drawing the TV in the second stage, keep that face on XY so
that the triangular face will lie on the VP and reproduce the TV. Then draw the new FV with help of TV
25
Step 3. Now the edge of the base a1e1 which is perpendicular to the HP must be in clined at 30 to the HP. That is incline the
FV till a1e1 is inclined at 30 with the HP. Then draw the TV.
o 1
b 1
b
a
a1
b 1
c1
o1
c
o
c1
e1
a
e
d 1
c
30
ae
bd
50
b
d
c
o
d 1
o1
a1
e1
e1
d1
a1
Y
b1
c1
Solution Steps:
Resting on Hp on one generator, means lying on Hp:
1.Assume it standing on Hp.
2.Its Tv will show True Shape of base( circle )
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as Tv &
taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd Fv in lying position I.e.oe on xy. And
project its Tv below xy.
6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted,
as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with Vp
( generator o1e1 300 to xy as shown) & project final Fv.
Problem:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis
is resting on one generator on Hp
which makes 300 inclination with VP
Draw its projections.
For dark and dotted lines
1.Draw proper outline of new vie
DARK.
2. Decide direction of an observer.
3. Select nearest point to observer
and draw all lines starting from
it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer
and draw all lines (remaining)
from it- dotted.
a
hb
c
g
h1
a hb
c g
f d e
o
g1
f1
f1
e1
g1
h1
e e1
b
d
c
a1
b1
d1
c1
b1
c
d1 1
o1
a1
b1
e1
d1
o1
30
o1
h1
f1
a1
g1
c1
Solution Steps:
Problem:
Resting on Vp on one point of base, means inclined to Vp:
1.Assume it standing on Vp
A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm
Fv will show True Shape of base & top( circle )
axis is resting on one point of a base 2.Its
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as Fv & taking 50 mm axis project Tv.
circle on Vp while its axis makes 450 ( a Rectangle)
4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
with Vp and Fv of the axis 350 with Hp.
5.Draw 2nd Tv making axis 450 to xy And project its Fv above xy.
Draw projections..
6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with Hp
( Fv of axis I.e. center line of view to xy as shown) & project final Tv.
4d
d
3
c a
1 a
4
c
3
c
2 b
bd
450
350
bd
d1
b
c1
b1
a1
24
24
4
3
1
Solution Steps :
bd
d
a
bo
bd
c ao1
1
a1
d1
b1
c1
o1
d1
b1
Y
d1
c1
c1
a1 1
o
b1
CG
H/2
H
CG
H/4
GROUP A SOLIDS
( Cylinder & Prisms)
GROUP B SOLIDS
( Cone & Pyramids)
Solution Steps:
In all suspended cases axis shows inclination with Hp.
1.Hence assuming it standing on Hp, drew Tv - a regular pentagon,corner case.
2.Project Fv & locate CG position on axis ( H from base.) and name g and
Join it with corner d
3.As 2nd Fv, redraw first keeping line gd vertical.
4.As usual project corresponding Tv and then Side View looking from.
LINE
dg VERTICAL
d
d
ce
e
ab
IMPORTANT:
When a solid is freely
suspended from a
corner, then line
joining point of
contact & C.G.
remains vertical.
( Here axis shows
inclination with Hp.)
So in all such cases,
assume solid standing
on Hp initially.)
H/4
c e
a b
e1
a1
do
1
d1
b1
c
b
o
c1
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.
1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.
STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that
object.
OBSERVER
ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED
AN
PL
.
N
TO N FV
C
I
E
(A)
(B)
ASSUME
LOWER PART
REMOVED
SE
OBSERVER
CT
ON
IN PLA
TV NE
.
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING.
For TV
Fo
rT
ru
e
Sh
ap
e
SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
x
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
Section Plane
Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex
Par
abo
la
Cylinder through
generators.
PROBLEM : A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP
and all the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular
to the VP, inclined at 45 to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional
side view and true shape of the section.
21
X1
31
41
3
11
2 4
1
b d
a
45
d
4
Y1
a c
Y
b
PROBLEM : A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular
faces on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the
axis and makes an angle of 30 with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top
view, sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining
portion of the pyramid.
o
a
60
be
be
b
cd
cd
b1
c1
d
e
a1
30
d1
5
o1
31
21
41
e1
11
51
61
PROBLEM: A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical
section plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from
one of its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long
height 65mm.
a
f
b
e
c
d
a f
65
a f
b e
b e
2
a
f
b
e
b
c
d
b1
b1
1 2
37
a1 c1
a1 c 1
Y1
25
cd
cd
f
e
4 6
f1 d1
e1
f1 d1
20
e1
31
21
11
41
71
X1
51
61
PROBLEM : A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from
the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
f1
X1
l1
35
j1
i1
d
j
g
f
e h
i
b
l
4
10
6
8
5
9
4 5
3
5
6
e
f
g
12
l
k
11
k
l
a
3
2
2 3
1 12 11
h
i
c
k
10
Y1
6
2
7
1
8 910
12 11
PROBLEM : A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long is resting on its
base on the HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to the HP, intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above
the base. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the
section.
51
41
61
X2
Y1
31
71
11
4
35
21
65
X1
26
bf
25
17
ce
o
7
5
f
6
b
c
e
Y2
1 a
d
f
e
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.
1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.
STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that
object.
OBSERVER
ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED
AN
PL
.
N
TO N FV
C
I
E
(A)
(B)
ASSUME
LOWER PART
REMOVED
SE
OBSERVER
CT
ON
IN PLA
TV NE
.
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING.
For TV
Fo
rT
ru
e
Sh
ap
e
SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
x
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
Section Plane
Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex
Par
abo
la
Cylinder through
generators.
ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE
DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY CONVENTIONAL
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES
AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH
OBJECTS.
EXAMPLES:Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes &
Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and
Cylinder:
H
Prisms:
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base
No.of Rectangles
H= Height
S = Edge of base
All sides
equal in length
FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
L1
R
L
3600
E
AP
H
S
Y1
E
d
c
e
b
X1
X
e
c
b
DEVELOPMENT
c
b
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts dev.dark.
OF
N
IO
T
C
SE
Y1
SECTIONAL S.V
o
SE
PL C T
AN IO
E N
U
TR
SH
E
AP
C
D
X1
E
X
a hb
c g
f d
g
For True Shape:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from
cut points.
Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
g hf
ae
bd c
F
G
e
b
d
c
SECTIONAL T.V
For Development:
Draw development of entire solid.
Name from cut-open edge i.e. A.
in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in
curvature. Make existing parts
dev.dark.
H
A
Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp)
which is // to Vp.. Draw its projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through its base
center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape Development as per previous problem!
DEVELOPMENT
A
o
a
h
b
c
g
HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE
c g
f d e
g
h
o Y
a hb
df
f1
d
c
h1
e e1
O
b
g1
f
a1
F
G
o1
H
b1
d1
c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
c f
a b
d e
SECTIONAL F.V.
4
a b
c f
f
1 ,2
f1
3 ,8
a1 e1
4,7
d e
A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
Through mid-point of axis.
b1 d1
5 ,6
X1
c1
TR
UE
S
3
HA
PE
OF
SE
CT
I
ON
Y1
DEVELOPMENT
E
AP
H
S
UE 2
TR
3
4
Y1
5
1
Note:
A
ME
NT
4
X1
2 6
DE
VE
LO
P
7
3
5
F.V.
C
2
de
cf
f
3
2
c
SECTIONAL 7
TOP VIEW.
gb
1 7
X
G
A
1
7
c g
a h b
3 5
df e Y
3
2
G
6
H
2
6
2
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT.
7
A
L
Solution Steps:
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
Semicircle being dev.of a cone its radius is slant height of cone.( L )
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.oa on Fv & bring on ob
and name 1 Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT.
Solution Steps:
Similar to previous
Problem:
o
E
4
F
G
6
2
2 6
a h b
3 5
c g
f d e
1 7
g
7
3
1
Y
A
Problem 8: draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest
path by which a point P, starting from a point on the circumference of the base and moving around the cone
will return to the same point. Base ofn cone 65 mm diameter ; axis 75 mm long.
1
12
11
10
9
8
=141
7
5
4
3
2 3
1 12 11
4
5
10 9
6
8 7
12
8
11
10
Problem 9 : A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on
its base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.
2 3
1 12 11
4
10
6
8 7
5
9
a
1
3
2
4b
d
5
c
7
12
8
a
11
c
b
10
d
c
3
10
11
12
Problem 9 : A square prism of 40 mm edge of the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on
the HP with vertical faces inclined at 45 with the VP. A horizontal hole of 40 mm diameter is
drilled centrally through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges
of the prism, draw the development og the surfaces of the prism.
bd
8
11
X a
2
12
3
11
bd
4 b10
12
4
8
7
c
1
3
11
5
9
4 10
4
8
40
2
12
1 2
12
3
11
10
4
10
7
8
12
11
6
8
5
6
9
5
9
8
11
c
5
9
6
7
10
12
6
8
5
9
10
4
10
9
3
11
2 1
12
Y
A
References
http://
www.engineering108.com/pages/Engineering
_graphics/Engineering_graphics_tutorials
_free_download.html
A text book of engineering graphics- Prof.
P.J SHAH
Engineering Drawing-N.D.Bhatt
Engineering Drawing-P.S.Gill
Thank You