Electricity

MADE BY :TUSHAR
BHUTANI
X - A

Types of charges
There are two
types of charges :Positive charge :These are made of
sub atomic
particle proton.
Negative charge :These are made of
negative sub
atomic particle
electron.

S.I. unit of charge

The S.I. unit of charge is

coulomb.
An electron posses a negative
charge of 1.5 x 10-19.
The S.I. unit of one coulomb is
equivalent to the charge
containing 6.25 x 10-18.

Conductors and Insulators

C
O N D Usubstance
CTORS
These

have the property

to conduct
electricity through
them.
These have free or
loosely held
electrons which
helps in
conducting
electricity.
Example copper.

INSULATORS

These substance have

the property to
obstruct the flow of
electricity.
These do not have free
electrons present in
them.
Example Rubber
Insulation.

Electric potential
When a small electric charge is placed in
the electric field due to another charge,
it experiences a force. So, work has to be
done on the positive charge to move it
against this force of repulsion.

The electric potential is defined as

the work done in moving a unit
positive charge fro infinity to that
point.

Potential Difference
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to
that of the electric field. A small charge placed within
an electric field experiences a force, and to have
brought that charge to that point against the force
requireswork. The electric potential at any point is
defined as the energy required to bring a unit test
charge from aninfinite distanceslowly to that point.
It is usually measured involts, and one volt is the
potential for which onejouleof work must be
expended to bring a charge of onecoulombfrom
infinity.

Potential difference =
or,

V=

where W = work done.

and Q = quantity of charge moved
S.I. unit of potential difference is volt.
thus

1 volt =

Voltmeter
Avoltmeteris an
instrument used for
measuringelectrica
l
potentialdifference
between two points
in an electric
circuit.
Voltmeter has a high
resistance so that it
takes negligible
current.

Electric Current
The movement of electric charge is known as
anelectric current, the intensity of which is
usually measured inamperes. Current can consist
of any moving charged particles; most commonly
these are electrons, but any charge in motion
constitutes a current.

1 ampere = .

Ammeter
Anammeteris
ameasuring
instrumentused to
measure theelectric
currentin acircuit.
Electric currents are
measured
inamperes(A), hence
the name.

An ammeter should
have a very low
resistance so that it
may not change the
value of current
flowing in the circuit.

Circuit Diagram
We know that an electric circuit,
as shown in Fig. 12.1, comprises
a cell(or a battery), a plug key,
electrical component(s), and
connecting wires. It is often
convenient to draw a schematic
diagram, in which different
components of the circuit are
represented by the symbols
conveniently used. Conventional
symbols used to represent some
of the most commonly used
electrical components.

Georg Simon Ohm(16Georg

March
1789 6 July 1854) was
aGermanphysicistand
mathematician. As a school
teacher, Ohm began his
research with the
newelectrochemical cell,
invented by Italian
scientistAlessandro Volta.
Using equipment of his own
creation, Ohm found that
there is a direct
proportionality between the
potential difference (voltage)
applied across a conductor
and the resultantelectric
current. This relationship is
known asOhm's law.

Ohm

Ohms Law
Ohms Law explains the relationship
between voltage (V or E), current (I) and
resistance (R)
Used by electricians, automotive
technicians, stereo installers.
According to Ohms law : At constant
temperature, the current flowing
through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference
across its end.

According to Ohms
law:
VI
or, V= R x I.
where R is constant
resistance of the
conductor.
This can also be
written as
or, I =
So,

Current,
Therefore,

I= .
The current is directly proportional to potential difference.
The current is inversely proportional to resistance.

Resistance
An electron traveling through the wires and loads of the
external circuit encounters resistance.Resistanceis the
hindrance to the flow of charge. For an electron,the journey
from terminal to terminal is not a direct route. Rather, it is a
zigzag path that results from countless collisions with fixed
atoms within the conducting material. The electrons encounter
resistance - a hindrance to their movement.
The S.I. unit of resistance is ohms ().

Factors affecting Resistance

Length of conductor.
Area of cross section of the
conductor (or thickness of the
conductor).
Nature of the material of the
conductor, and
Temperature of conductor.

Resistivity
It has been found by experiments that :
The resistivity of a given of a given conductor is directly proportional to its length.
Rl

..(1)

The resistivity of a given conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross section.

R 1/A (2)
Combining (1) and (2), we get :
R l/A
R = .(3)

Where p(rho) is a constant known as resistivity of the material.

The resistivity of a substance is numerically equal to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is 1
meter long and 1 square meter in cross section.
Resistivity, p = .
The unit of resistance R is ohm.
The unit of area of cross-section A is (meter) 2.
The unit of length l is meter.
putting these unit in the above equation
p=.
p = ohm-meter.
The S.I. unit of resistivity is ohm-meter (m)

Resistivity of some common substances

(200 C )

Combination of Resistors

Resistors in Series

Resultant of Resistances
connected in Series
The figure shows three resistances R1,R2,R3 connected in series. Now suppose
potential difference across resistance R1 is V1 , R2 is V2 and R3 is V3. Let potential
difference across battery be V, then :
V = V1+V2+V3.
Applying Ohms law to the whole circuit : V = IR.
..(1)
Applying Ohms law to the three resistors separately, we get:
V 1 = I x R1 .
.. (2)
V 2 = I x R2 .

.. (3)

V 3 = I x R3 .

.. (4)

Substituting (2), (3), (4) in (1)

IR = IR1 + IR2+ IR3
OR, IR= I (R1+R2+R3)
Or, R = R1+R2+R3 .
Therefore we conclude that the sum total resistance in a series resistance
connection is equal to the sum of all the resistances.

Resistors in Parallel

Resultant of Resistances
connected in Parallel
The figure shows three resistances R1,R2,R3 connected in series. Now suppose
currant across resistance R1 is I1 , R2 is I2 and R3 is I3. Let total current in the circuit
be I, then:
I = I1+I2+I3.
Applying Ohms law to the whole circuit : I = V/R.
..(1)
Applying Ohms law to the three resistors separately, we get:
I1 = V / R1.
.. (2)
I2 = V / R2.

.. (3)

I3 = V / R3.

.. (4)

Substituting (2), (3), (4) in (1)

V/R = V/R1 + V/R2+ V/R3
OR, V/R= I (1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3)
Or, 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 .
Therefore we conclude that the sum total resistance in a parallel resistance
connection is equal to the sum of reciprocal of all the resistances.

Parallel and Series connection

PARALLEL

SERIES

Heating effect of electric current

James Prescott Joule

Joules law of heating

Let
An electric current I is flowing through a resistor having resistance equal to R.
The potential difference through the resistor is equal to V.
The charge Q flows through the circuit for the time t.
Thus, work done in moving of charge Q of potential difference V = VQ
Since, this charge Q flows through the circuit for time t,

The heat produced in wire is directly proportional to

i.

Square of current.

ii.

Resistance of wire.

iii.

Time for which current is passed.

Applications of heating effect

of electric current

Electric Energy
H = I2 Rt gives the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric
circuit. This is also termed as electric power. The power P is given by
P = VI
Or P = I2R = V2/R
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A
of current when operated at a potential difference of 1 V. Thus,
1 W = 1 volt 1 ampere = 1 V A
The unit watt is very small. Therefore, in actual practice we use a much larger unit called
kilowatt. It is equal to 1000 watts. Since electrical energy is the product of power and
time, the unit of electric energy is, therefore, watt hour (W h). One watt hour is the
energy consumed when 1 watt of power is used for 1 hour. The commercial unit of
electric energy is kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly known as unit.
1 kW h = 1000 watt 3600 second
= 3.6 106 watt second
= 3.6 106 joule (J)