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BLACKBODY
RADIATION
Introduction
When a radiation passes through matter, a fraction
of it is absorbed, some fraction is reflected, and rest
is transmitted. If a, b, c represent the representative
fraction then a + b + c = 1.
If for body b = c = 0, i.e., the body neither reflects
nor transmits then it absorbs the incident radiation
and the body appears black whatever be colour of
incident radiation on it. Since a perfect absorber is
also a perfect emitter, the body emits radiation of all
wavelengths. Such a radiation is called BLACKBODY
RADIATION and the body emitting blackbody
radiation is called blackbody.
In fact, no substance possess strictly the property
of an ideal
blackbody but lampblack and
Blackbody Assumption
If a blackbody is placed in an isothermal enclosure it
will attain thermal equilibrium with the enclosure and
emit full radiation characteristic of temperature but
independent of the nature of the substance. Hence the
thermal radiation from an isothermal enclosure is
identical with that from a blackbody at the same
temperature. This is why blackbody radiation is
sometimes termed as thermal radiation.
A Hollow copper sphere, coated with lampblack on its
inner surface and a fine hole with a pointed projection
just in front of the hole serves the purpose of a practical
blackbody as shown.
When radiation enters the hole it suffers multiple
reflection and are completely absorbed. Then the body
behaves as an absorptive blackbody.
When this body is placed in a constant temperature
Stefans Law
The frequency distribution (or wavelength distribution) of
radiation from a blackbody cavity or an isothermal enclosure
was studied in the late nineteenth century.
The intensity of the emitted radiation versus wavelength
curve at different temperature of a blackbody radiation is
shown below.
P = A T4
Where,
- Stefan's constant (5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4)
P - Radiation Energy
A - Surface Area = 4 r2
T - Temperature
r Radius
The intensity formula is given by :
I = T4
- Stefan's constant (5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4)
Wiens law
Wiens Displacement Law :
Applying the laws of thermodynamics , in 1893, Wien
showed that, the wavelength corresponding the
maximum emission is inversely proportional to the
absolute temperature of the Blackbody, i.e.,
E d = (A/ 5) e-B
So,