Urban Runoff Estimation

HES3112 Urban Water Resources
Module 5
Estimation and Analysis of
Runoff from Urban Catchments
Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz
Peak Runoff, Qp
Runoff Hydrograph
The Rational Method

Qy = 0.278 Cy ITc
Where;
Qy
Peak discharge (m3/s)
Cy
Runoff coefficient (y year ARI)
ITc
A
y
Average rainfall intensity (mm/h)

Catchment area (km2)
ARI (years)
Urban Catchments
A R & R Chapter 14 (Book Eight)
Impervious Fraction Most Important Factor
In Defining C10
1987 - p 307, 2001 p 19
Impervious Fraction
Fraction of Catchment Covered in Impervious
Surfaces
Australian Rainfall & Runoff

http://www.engaust.com.au/bookshop/arr.html
Runoff Coefficient, C10
'
C10 0.9 f C10
1 f
C10' 0.1 0.0133 I110hryr 25
I = 70
I = 25
Cy C10 Fy
Impervious Fraction
Impervious Area
f
Catchment Area
Cy C10 Fy
Urban Frequency Factors

ARI (years)
Frequency Factor
Fy
1
2
5
0.8
0.85
0.95
10
20
50
1.0
1.05
1.15
100
1.2
Time of Concentration
Estimate Travel Time
Overland Flow and Gutter Flow
Overland Flow
Kinematic Wave Equation
Assumes Homogeneous Surface
Combine Travel Time for Individual Homogeneous Surfaces
Gutter Flow
Manning Equation
2
1
1
3
Q A R So 2
n
Overland Flow
Kinematic Wave Equation
T 6.94 L n
T
L
n*
I
S
* 0.6
0.4
0.3
Overland Flow Time (mins)

Flow Path Length (m)
Surface Roughness Coefficient
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
Slope (m/m)
Surface Roughness Coefficients

Surface Type
Roughness
Coefficient
n*
Concrete or Asphalt
0.010-0.013
Bare Sand
0.010-0.016
Gravel Surface
0.012-0.030
Bare Soil
0.012-0.033
Sparse Vegetation
0.053-0.130
Grass Prairie
0.100-0.200
Lawns
0.170-0.480
From Australian Rainfall & Runoff, A R & R (2000)

6
.
94
L
n
T
* 0.6
0.4
S 0 .3
L, n*, S known
I ??
T 6.94 L n
T I 0 .4
* 0.6
I
6.94 L n
Example
0 .4
* 0 .6
S 0 .3
S
0 .3
T*I0.4 = 43.3
Length, L = 60 m
Slope, S = 2% = 0.02 m/m
Roughness, n* = 0.05
Time of Concentration
Flow along the Kerb

Most of the urban
streets are
designed to carry
stormwater runoff
as well.
2
1
1
3
Q A R So 2
n
Typical
Urban
Drainage
System
Urban Drainage Systems:

Lot/house drainage
- Piped drainage
- Surface drainage
Street drainage
- Pipe drainage
- Kerb (channel) drainage
Open channel drainage
Detention basin
House Drainage
Street Drainage
Non-Homogeneous Catchment
Different Urban Land Uses
More than One Land Use Type in Catchment
Equivalent Impervious Area

For Each Land Use Type
Measure Area of Each Land Use, Ai
Define Fraction Impervious for Each Land Use, fi
Determine Runoff Coefficient for Each Land Use, Ci
CAtotal C1 A1 C 2 A2 ... C n An
Non-Homogeneous Catchment
Different Travel Times in Each Land Use
Tc is Travel Time to Catchment Outlet
Depends on Drainage Network

Where Areas Drain Independently of Each Other
Stream Tributaries
Piped Drainage of Paved Areas etc
Partial Area Effect

Short Duration Storm MAY be Critical
(ie Storm with Duration < Tc)
Partial Area Effect

Must Check Both Storm Durations
Longer Storm Duration
All of Catchment Contributes Runoff
Duration Equal to Time of Concentration, Tc
Shorter Storm Duration

Only One Sub-catchment Contributes Runoff
Plus Part of Second Sub-catchment
Duration Equal to Travel Time from One Sub-catchment
Peak Runoff is the Maximum Calculated

Example of Partial Area Effect

An urban catchment has an area of 3.25 km2. One
tributary drains an area of 1.2 km2, with a fraction
impervious of 85% and a travel time of 17 minutes.
The second tributary has a fraction impervious of 15%
with a travel time of 50 minutes.
Calculate the Peak runoff for the 10 year ARI when
I10yr,17min = 60 mm/hr, I10yr,50min = 32.0 mm/hr and I10yr,60min
= 28.6 mm/hr.
Repeat where the first sub-catchment f = 65%, travel
time is 30 minutes and I10yr,30min = 39.1 mm/hr.
Pipe Drainage Design

Underground Street Drainage Pipes
Minor Drainage System
Runoff from Minor Storms
Low ARI (2 to 5 year ARI)
Streets and Drainage Reserves

Major Drainage System
High ARI (100 year ARI)
Pipe Network
Follows Natural Drainage Layout

Generally Conforms with Street Layout
Minor and Major Drainage Systems
Fig. 1.3, Book VIII, Australian Rainfall & Runoff (2000)

Minor and Major

Drainage Systems
Fig. 1.2, Book VIII,

Australian Rainfall & Runoff
(2000)
Overland Flowpath
Design
Chart
Analysis of Urban Drainage System

Pre-developed
Post-developed
Locating Pits
Design rainfall intensity, I = 90 mm/hr

Runoff co-efficient, C = 0.85
Longitudinal slope = 2%
Allowable street flow width = 2.1 m
From chart, allowable Q = 0.08 cumec
Using Rational Formula Q = C.I.A/360 = 0.85X90X(45XL0/10,000)/360
Q = 0.000956L0
L0 = 84 m
Locating Pits
Kerb Flow Design Chart

Bypass Flow
Pit Capture Rate
Locating Pits
Assume, first pit has a capture rate of 76%

Bypass flow = (1 - 0.76)x0.08 = 0.019 cumec
Allowable flow from second sub-catchment =
0.08 - 0.019 = 0.061 cumec
Using Rational Formula Q = C.I.A/360 = 0.85X90X(45XL1/10,000)/360
0.061 = 0.000956L1
L1 = 64 m
Pit/Pipe
Design
Flow Paths
Pit design in a car park

Postdeveloped
Drainage
Detention Basin
Detention Basin

Urban Runoff Estimation

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Urban Runoff Estimation

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HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

The Rational Method

Peak discharge (m3/s)

Runoff coefficient (y year ARI)

Average rainfall intensity (mm/h)

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Australian Rainfall & Runoff

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Runoff Coefficient, C10

C10' 0.1 0.0133 I110hryr 25

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Urban Frequency Factors

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Kinematic Wave Equation

Overland Flow Time (mins)

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Surface Roughness Coefficients

From Australian Rainfall & Runoff, A R & R (2000)

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Flow along the Kerb

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Urban Drainage Systems:

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Equivalent Impervious Area

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Depends on Drainage Network

Partial Area Effect

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz

HES3112 Urban Water Resources

Estimating Runoff in Urban Catchments Monzur Imteaz