Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CH EMISTRY @ MBCC
PRE-UNIVERSITY SCIENCES
SCIENCE 1
KINETIC THEORY
Kinetic particle theory explains
the properties of the different
states of matter
Based on the idea that particles
of matter are always in
motion
Particles in solids, liquids and
gases have different amounts
of energy
Particles are arranged
differently and move in
different ways
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Airbags/airbag
ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC
THEORY
2. The collisions of gas particles with the walls of
the container holding them are perfectly elastic.
Elastic collisions are ones in which there is no net loss of
kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC
THEORY
3. The interactions among molecules are
negligible. They exert no forces on one another
except during collisions.
There are no forces of attraction or repulsion between gas
particles.
Think of gas particles as small billiard balls, when they collide
, they do not stick together, they bounce apart immediately.
ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC
THEORY
4. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles
depends only on the temperature of the
system.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Higher the temperature, the faster the particles move
ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC
THEORY
5. The volume of the individual gas molecules is
negligible compared to the volume that the gas
occupies.
Gases consist of large numbers of particles that are far apart
relative to their size
Volume of gas particles occupy a volume usually about a
thousand times greater than liquid and solid particles
Ideal gas
REAL GASES
Real gases exhibit the following characteristics:
1. no definite shape or no definite volume
2. expands to fill the container
3. low density
4. compressible
5. exhibits diffusion and effusion
diffusion - spreading out of particles from high
concentration to low
effusion - process where particles pass
through a small opening
GASES
An ideal gas is one which obeys both Boyles
Law and Charles Law
To describe a gas we need:
Pressure
Temperature
Volume
Number of moles
BOYLES LAW
Temperature of gas
is held constant
As volume of gas
decreases,
particles hit side of
container more
frequently;
pressure
increases
P so P =
PV = constant
BOYLES LAW
Fixed mass of
gas
http://www.antonine-education.com/Pages/Physics_5/Thermal_Physics/THE_02/gas_laws.htm
CHARLES LAW
Pressure of gas is
held constant
As temperature of
gas increases,
particles spread out
more; volume
increases
VT so V= kT
= constant
=
CHARLES LAW
Fixed mass of gas
Balloon is cooled from
room temperature with
liquid nitrogen (
196C)
its volume decreases
http://www.northcampus.net/CHM1025/Corwin6th/Chapter_11/A_PowerPoints/11_Lecture_files/slide0125_image057.jp
PT so P=kT
= constant
=
PV = nRT
where P = Pressure in Pa (1 Pa = J/m3)
V= volume = 1m3
n = number of moles
R = gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
T = temperature (K)
*** 1 kPa = 1000 Pa
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
1000 dm3 = 1m3
Kelvin = temp in 0C + 273.15
CHANGE OF STATE
Kinetic theory of matter can be used to explain how
solids, liquids and gases interchange
When an object is heated the motion of the particles
increases as the particles become more energetic
If it is cooled the motion of the particles decreases as
they lose energy
HOMEWORK
Use the handout provided to explain the
following concepts:
(i) The liquid state
(ii) Melting
(iii) Vaporisation (Evaporation and
Boiling)
SUMMARY