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Reservoir Characteristics
Techniques,
such
as;
Seismic
Data
Acquisition, Electric Line Logging, Core
Analysis, PVT Analysis, and Well Testing etc
produce valuable data which help build the
simulated reservoir model and thus help in
developing the most cost effective strategy
to manage the asset.
ROCKS CLASSIFICATION
Rock-forming Source of
process
material
IGNEOU
S
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Molten materials in
deep crust and
upper mantle
Weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at surface
Crystallization
(Solidification of melt)
Sedimentation, burial
and lithification
Recrystallization due to
heat, pressure, or
chemically active fluids
Rock Properties
To
form
a
commercial
reservoir
of
hydrocarbons, a geological formation must
possess three essential characteristics;
Sufficient
void
space
to
contain
hydrocarbons (porosity).
Adequate connectivity of these pore spaces
to allow
transportation over large distances
(permeability).
A capacity to trap sufficient quantities of
hydrocarbon to prevent upward migration
from the source beds.
Porosity
The void spaces in the reservoir rocks are the
inter
granular
spaces
between
the
sedimentary particles. Porosity is defined as a
percentage or fraction of void to the bulk
volume of the rock.
Porosity = 48%
Porosity
Measurements of porosity are either done in
the laboratory on core samples whereby
actual conditions are simulated as closely as
possible prior to measurement, or in-situ via
suites of electric logs such as Neutron,
Density and Sonic Logs.
Permeabil
ity
Permeability
is a measure of the ease with
which fluid flows through a porous rock, and is
a function of the degree of interconnection
between the pores.
A&B
have
same
porosity
Permeability
Permeability is measured in darcy units or
more
commonly
millidarcy
(md
one
thousandth of a darcy) after Henry Darcy who
carried out some pioneering work on water
flow through
unconsolidated sand stones.
A practical definition of a darcy is as follows;
A rock has a permeability (k) of 1 Darcy if a
pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm induces a flow
rate of 1 cc/sec/cm2 of cross sectional area
with a liquid viscosity 1 cp
Permeability
The grain size has a negligible effect on the
porosity of a rock, but this has a predominant
effect on permeability.
More frictional forces are encountered while
passing the same fluid through a fine granular
pack than through a coarse granular pack of
equal porosity.
Permeability
The apparent permeability is dependent on
the type of fluid flowing through the rock and
this
plays
an
important
part
in
the
interpretation
of
different
hydrocarbon
bearing reservoirs.
Permeability is denoted in three different
ways.
1.Absolute permeability ka is derived in the
laboratory by flowing a known quantity of fluid
through a core while its pore spaces are 100%
saturated with the same fluid. Absolute
permeability will not change with varying
fluids as long as the pore space configuration
remains constant.
2.Effective permeability is the permeability of
a flowing phase which does not saturate 100%
Wettin
g adhesive force determines which fluid will
The
preferentially wet a solid.
As an example, water will spread out on the
surface of a sheet of glass whereas mercury
will bead up and not adhere to the glass.
For water the adhesive forces between liquid
and solid are greater than the cohesive forces
holding the liquid molecules together, the
opposite is true for the mercury.
The tendency of one fluid to displace another
from a solid surface is determined by the
relative wettability of the fluids to the solid.
Capillarity
When liquid wets the surface of a fine bore
glass capillary tube, surface tension around
the circumference of the contact pulls the
liquid interface up the tube until an
equilibrium is reached with the downward
force due to the liquid column height.
In the reservoir, although the pore spaces do
not form the uniform capillary tubes, they do
interconnect to form a complex capillary
systems which in turn gives rise to capillary
forces.
These
forces
can
be
measured
under
laboratory conditions for a given rock fluid(s)
Capillarity
Coring
One way to get more detailed samples of
a formation is by coring, where
formation sample is drilled out by means
of special bit.
This sample can provide:
Detailed lithological decscription.
Porosity, permeability, fluid
saturation and grain density.
These
Fluid
vent
Core Analysis
Core analysis can be divided into
two categories:
Core Analysis
Gas Permeameter
Liquid Permeameter
Core Analysis
Porosimeter
Core Analysis
Special Core Analysis :
Provides the following information:
confining stress.
Electrical properties such as formation factor
and resistivity index.
Capillary pressure.
Wettability and relative permeability.
Mechanical rock properties such as
compressibility.
Waterflood sensitivity for injectivity and well
performance.
Fluid Properties
Fluid Properties
Naturally occurring petroleum accumulations
are made up of
large number of organic
compounds, primarily hydrocarbons.
Seldom are two crude oil samples identical
and seldom are two crude oils made up of the
same proportions of the various compounds.
Reasons to examine the Reservoir fluids
a)A chemical engineer may be interested in a
crude oils composition as to the amount of
commercial products the oil will yield after
refining.
b)An exploration might have an interest in an
oil or waters composition as it sheds light on
the origin, maturation and degradation of the
oil for geological interpretation.
c)The petroleum engineer is particularly
Petroleum oil
Petroleum oil or crude oil is a complex mixture
consisting largely of hydrocarbons belonging
to various series
In addition, crude usually contain small
amounts of combined oxygen, nitrogen and
sulfur
No crude oil has ever been entirely separated
into its individual components.
Crude oils obtained from various reservoir
have different properties because of the
presence
of
different
proportions
of
hydrocarbons constituents
Element
carbon
hydrogen
sulfur
nitrogen
Oxygen
Natural Gas
Natural gas can occur by itself
combination with liquid petroleum oils
or
in
weight
Temperature Range
Petroleum Ether
Upto 160 0f
Gasoline
160-400 0f
Kerosene
400-575 0f
Fuel oil
Above 575 0f
Phase
Behaviour
Component System
of
Multi-
Phase
Behaviour
Component System
of
Multi-
Wet gas
Dry gas
Pressure
Retrograde Condensate
(gas condensate)
Pres , Tres
Dry
Gas
Gas
Condensate
Volatile
Oil
Black
Oil
Temperature
Oil Compressibility
Saturation Pressure
Relative Total Volume
Live Oil Viscosity
Live Oil Density
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Gas-Oil Ratio
Liberated Gas Formation Volume
factor
Incremental Liberated Gas-Gravity
Cumulative liberated Gas-Gravity
Types of Sampling
Downhole
DST strings
Wireline sample
Surface
Wellhead samples
Separator samples
Sub-surface Sampler
Sample
transfer unit
hazards
(high-pressure
Wellhead sampling
Sample point should be as near wellhead
as possible, and upstream of choke
manifold
It is possible to obtain mono phasic
wellhead samples for very high pressure
gas condensates
Pres = 15,000 psia
Pwh = 11,000 psia
Pdew = 5500 psia
But beware
sample point
of
flashing
occurring
at
Separator sampling
The most important factor in separator
sampling is stability of conditions
Stabilised gas and oil flow rates (and
therefore GOR)
Stabilised temperature
Stabilised wellhead pressure
Gas and liquid samples should be taken
simultaneously, as they are a matched
pair
Oil and gas rates must be measured
carefully
Sample points must be as close to the
separator as possible
Horizontal Separator
Inlet
Sight
Glass
momentum
absorber
Gauge
Gas
Outlet
Liquid
Outlet
Sample Transfer
Single-phase sub-surface samples become
two-phase as they are brought to surface
as a result of a large reduction in
pressure due to cooling
The sample chamber must be repressured to single-phase conditions prior
to transfer to sample bottles
Single-phase
positive
displacement
samplers are now common place, and
maintain single-phase conditions in the
chamber as it is brought to surface
Gas-Condensate Sampling
Sub-surface sampling is generally not the
preferred method in condensate reservoirs
Well-head
phase
sampling
preferred
if
Separator
cases
sampling
preferred
for
singleother
Bubble-Point Determination
Bubble-point identified by change in fluid
compressibility
Pb
Pressure
Volatile
Oil
Volume
Volume
Black
Oil
Pb
Pressure
Isothermal Flash
The Isothermal Flash is the basis for most laboratory
PVT experiments
Single-phase fluid is loaded into the PVT cell at
temperature T and pressure P1
The temperature is kept constant throughout the
experiment (PVT cell is placed in a heat bath)
The fluid is expanded to a new pressure P2 (P2<P1)
The flash results in a change in total volume and may
result in phase changes
cell
Vapour
Vapour
Volume
@ Psat
Single
Phase
P > Psat
Single
Phase
P = Psat
Liquid
P < Psat
Liquid
P <<
Psat
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour
Psat
Vapour
Vapour
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
P1
P1
P2
P2
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour
Vapour
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Psat
P1
P1
P2
P2
DV Reported Data
Oil volume
Oil density
Oil formation volume factor, Bo
Gas specific gravity
Gas Z-factor
Gas formation volume factor, Bg
Evolved gas volumes
Solution GOR, Rs
Drive mechanism
Depletion drive
Gas cap drive
Water drive
Gravity drainage drive
Combination drive
Liquid expansion and rock compaction drive
Time years
Bubblepoint
pressure
5
10
Oil recovery, % of OOIP
Oil Zone
Water
Water
Cross Section
Edge Water Drive
Oil Zone
Water
Cross Section
Bottom Water Drive
contact
to
pressure drop.
in
small
Reservoir type
Gravity drainage may occur in any type of reservoir.
Gravity drainage is particularly important in solution-gas and
gas-cap drive oil reservoirs.
GAS
OIL
WATER
Thank You
Water production:
None
Well behavior :
Oil recovery :
5 to 30%