Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Orthogonal Representation,
Fourier Series and Power Spectra
Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise
Orthogonal Functions
Orthogonal Series
Fourier Series.
Orthogonal Functions
Definition: Functions n(t) and m(t) are said to be
Orthogonal with respect to each other the interval a < t < b if
they satisfy the condition,
where
Orthogonal Series
Theorem: Assume w(t) represents a waveform over the interval a < t
<b. Then w(t) can be represented over the interval (a, b) by the series
where, the coefficients an are given by following where n is an integer
value :
w(t ) ann (t )
n
1
an
Kn
w(t ) (t )dt
*
n
Orthogonal Series
Proof of theorem: Assume that the set {n} is sufficient to represent
the waveform w(t) over the interval a < t <b by the series
w(t ) an n (t )
n
on both sides t o
get,
n =1
n =3
n =5
http://www.educatorscorner.com/index.cgi?CONTENT_ID=2487
Fourier Series
Complex Fourier Series
The frequency f0 = 1/T0 is said to be the fundamental frequency and the frequency
nf0 is said to be the nth harmonic frequency, when n>1.
n 0
n 0
representations.
This can be shown by expressing the complex number c n as below
where f0 = 1/T0 and cn are the phasor Fourier coefficients of the waveform
Proof:
Taking the Fourier transform of both sides, we obtain
Where,
then the Fourier coefficients are given by:
h(t nT )
Line
Spectra for Periodic Waveforms
o
cn f o H (nf o )
h(t)
W( f )
c ( f nf
n
n
h(t ) H ( f )
= f o H ( nf o ) ( f nf o )
n
Now compare the spectrum for this periodic rectangular wave (solid lines) with the
spectrum for the rectangular pulse.
Note that the spectrum for the periodic wave contains spectral lines, whereas the
spectrum for the nonperiodic pulse is continuous.
Note that the envelope of the spectrum for both cases is the same |(sin x)/x| shape,
where x=Tf.
Consequently, the Null Bandwidth (for the envelope) is 1/T for both cases, where T is
the pulse width.
This is a basic property of digital signaling with rectangular pulse shapes. The null
bandwidth is the reciprocal of the pulse width.
Normalized Power
Theorem: For a periodic waveform w(t), the normalized power
is given by:
where the {cn} are the complex Fourier coefficients for the waveform.
Proof: For periodic w(t), the Fourier series representation is valid over all time
and may be substituted into Eq.(2-12) to evaluate the normalized power: