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CHAPTER 8:

CHEMICAL IN INDUSTRY

ALLOY
Mixture that contains at least one
metallic element in it

Stronger than pure metal

Pure metal
Weaker than alloy
PROPERTIES:
1. Soft
2. Weak
3. Ductile (can break easily) (
)
4. Malleable (the shape can change easily)
( )
5. Rust easily

Atoms of the pure metal


are orderly arranged

The row of atoms can


slide above one another
easily

So, pure metal shape


can change easily and
so weak.

ALLOYING PROCESS
DEFINITION :
A process of adding other metal or non
metal element into a pure metal

Foreign atoms prevent the pure metal


atoms from sliding above one another

That is why alloy is stronger than pure
metal

melt

Example
Composition
of alloy

99.5% iron
Steel
0.5% carbon

Properties

Uses

Hard
Strong
Resistant to
corrosion

Construction
materials for
buildings,
bridges, vehicle
and machines

Decorative items
Pewter 97% tin
Shiny

3% antimony and Resistant to

copper
corrosion
Tableware (spoon)
Malleable
Bronze 88% copper

12% tin

Hard
Strong
Resistant to
corrosion

Statues
Medals
Cup
Knife

Brass

75% copper
25% zinc

Hard
Shiny
Malleable
Resistant to
corrosion

Duralumin 95% aluminium


3% copper

1% magnesium
1% manganese

Light
Strong
Resistant to
corrosion

Stainless
steel

Shiny
Resistant to
corrosion

99% iron
15% chromium
14% nickel

Decorative
items
Musical
instruments

Food
containers

Aircraft bodies

Boat
Train
Bicycle
Buses
Make kitchen
utensil

SUPERCONDUCTOR OF ALLOY
SUPERCONDUCTOR
DEFINITION: a material that has no resistance to the flow
of electricity at a relatively low temperature

Alloy superconductor
Cooled with liquid nitrogen or helium
Temperature: -249.95C

Can conduct high current without producing heat as


compared to normal conductor avoid energy waste
-

Uses of superconductor
Medical field MRI machine
Transportation construction of
maglev train
Computer increase operating
speed
Military building special
machine to detect mines and
submarine communication

PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
HABER PROCESShaber
iron catalyst
1 NITROGEN + 3 HYDROGEN
AMMONIA
450 C 550 C
200 atm

This process is reversible and exothermic

Uses of ammonia
a) Nitric acid
b)Fertilizers
c) Synthetic fiber - Nylon -
d)Detergent
e) Alkali
f) Cooling agent
g)coloring

Fertilizer
1. AMMONIUM SALT FERTILIZER
. Neutralization process
a) Ammonia + nitric acid
ammonium nitrate + water
b) Ammonia + sulphuric acid
ammonium sulphate +
water
c) Ammonia + phosphoric acid
ammonium phosphate
+ water
) Ammonium salt is used as fertilizer because it has a high
content of nitrogen. Nitrogen is needed by plants for
healthy growth

2. UREA FERTILIZER
. Slow reacting fertilizer
. Produced through the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide

Ammonia + carbon dioxide Urea


200 C, 200 atm

METHODS OF CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TO AVOID


POLLUTION
1. Enforcement of laws
2. Recycling of waste
3. Education
4. Application of technology
5. International cooperation

Effect of industrial waste on environment

Source of pollution

Pollutant

Effect on
environment

Burning fossil fuel

Acidic gas
Toxic gas
Solid particles

Acid rain
Global warming

Toxic waste from


industry

Corrosive waste

Heavy metal

Harm aquatic
ecosystem

Disrupt the function


of organs

Radioactive waste

Radiations

Cancer
Mutation
Birth defects
Infertility
Death

BRONZE

BRASS

PEWTER

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