IP Addressing

Higher Computing

TCP/IP
TCP/IP

is the communication protocol

for the internet.
TCP/IP defines the rules computers
must follow to communicate with each
other over the internet.

TCP/IP
Allows

computers on
different networks to
communicate with
each other.
The computers could
be on different LANs
in the same building
or on two LANs in
different countries.

Browsers and Servers

Browsers

and
servers use TCP/IP to
connect to the
Internet.
A browser uses
TCP/IP to access a
server.
A server uses TCP/IP
to send HTML back
to a browser.

TCP/IP
TCP/IP

stands for
Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet
Protocol.
TCP/IP defines how
electronic devices (like
computers) should be
connected to the
Internet, and how data
should be transmitted
between them.

TCP/IP
TCP

is responsible for breaking data

down into IP packets, giving each
packet a sequence number and for
assembling the packets when they
arrive.
IP is responsible for sending the
packets to the correct destination.

IP Addressing
Each

computer must have an IP

address before it can connect to the
Internet.
Each IP packet must have an address
before it can be sent to another
computer.

Structure of IP addresses
IP

address is a 32-bit number made up

of four parts called octets
Usually displayed as four decimal
numbers, e.g.
172.63.238.106
Each

octet must be in the range of 0 to

255.
0 and 255 are set aside for special
purposes

Possible number of IP addresses

An

IP address is 32 bits long.

This means that there are 232 possible
IP addresses, approx 4.3 billion.
However

Public/Private IP addressing
Computers on private LANs do not need a
public IP addresses, since they do not
need to be accessed by the public.
Therefore, certain addresses that will
never be registered publicly are reserved.
These are known as private IP addresses,
and are found in the following ranges:
From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
From 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
From 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Public/Private IP addressing
Devices

with private IP addresses

cannot connect directly to the Internet
Computers outside the network cannot
access devices with a private IP
address.
Access must be obtained through a
router.

Static IP addressing
A

static IP address is
where the
computers are given
a fixed IP address
that never changes.
The computer
always keeps the
same address every
time it connects to
the Internet.

Dynamic IP addressing
There

are only a limited number of IP

addresses. ISPs use dynamic IP
addressing to get around the problem.
A dynamic IP address is when
computers on a network are given an
IP address when they are connected to
the network for that session. It can
change each time they are connected.

Benefits of Dynamic IP
addressing
Less

security riskcomputer is
assigned a new IP
address each time
you connect to a
network.

Classes of IP addresses
There

are 4 classes of IP addresses:

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D

Classes of IP addresses
Different

classes of IP addresses are

achieved by splitting the octets into
two parts called the network
identifier and the node identifier.

Network

identifier = n
Node identifier = h

Classes of IP addresses
The

network identifier is used to route

packets to the destination network.
On arrival at the network, the host
identifier is used to route packets to
the individual computer.
nnn.nnn.hhh.hhh
Network Node

Class A
Class

A addresses are structured as

follows:
nnn.hhh.hhh.hhh
The first octet will be in the range of 1 to
126 and identifies the network
The remaining three octets will identify
the nodes on that network.
This allows for 16, 277, 214 addresses.
(224 -2)

Class B
Class

B addresses are structured as follows:

nnn.nnn.hhh.hhh
The first octet will be in the range of 128
to 191.
The first two octets identify the network.
The remaining octets identify the nodes
on that network
This allows for 65,534 addresses. (216 2)

Class C
Class

C addresses:
nnn.nnn.nnn.hhh
The first octet is in the range of 192 to
223 .
The first three octets identify the network.
The last octet identifies the nodes on that
network.
This allows for 254 different addresses (28
2)

Class D
These

are not used for networks, but

for multicast messaging.
The first octet will be in the range of
224 to 255.