EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS

What is general purpose system?

A computer system that can do many functionalities
depending on
Available hardware
Installed programs
Examples
PCs
Laptops
Servers

What is an Embedded systems ?

An embedded system is a specialpurpose computer system designed to
perform a dedicated function
A combination of hardware and software
which together form a component of a
larger machine.

Block Diagram of an Embedded

System

General-purpose
Microprocessor
CPU for Computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example--Intels x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486,
Pentium
CPU
GeneralPurpose
Microprocessor

Data Bus

RAM

Many chips on mother board

ROM

I/O
Port

Timer

Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Serial
COM
Port

Microcontroller
A smaller computer.
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example:- Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051 and PIC
16X

CPU

RAM

ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port

Microcontroller

Microprocessor v/s
Microcontroller
Microprocessor
CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM,
I/O, timer are separate
designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O
ports.
expensive
general-purpose
Ex. 8085,8086 mp, Motorola 6800,
Intels 8086, etc.

Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
are all on a single chip
fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
single-purpose
Ex. 8051, PIC mc, Motorola
MCs, Phillips, etc.

Comparison
Embedded Systems
Few applications that are
known at design-time.
Not programmable by
end user.
Fixed run-time
requirements (additional
computing power not
useful).
Criteria:
cost
power consumption

General Purpose
Computing

Broad class of
applications.
Programmable by end
user.
Faster is better.
Criteria:
Cost
average speed

Application areas
Automotive electronics
Aircraft electronics
Trains
Telecommunication

10

Automobiles

Consumer electronics

Industry Automation

Telecommunication

Medical systems

Application areas
Medical
Medicalsystems
systems

Military
Militaryapplications
applications

Authentication
Authentication

17

Application areas
Consumer electronics
Fabrication
Fabricationequipment
equipment

Smart
Smartbuildings
buildings
18

Embedded Systems in Daily Life

Moving message display

DVD player

Digital clock

Traffic Light

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Many ES must meet real-time constraints:

A real-time system must react to stimuli
from the controlled object (or the
operator) within the time interval.
For real-time systems, right answers arriving too
early or too late are wrong.
An embedded system can be a
Hard real-time system
Soft real-time system

Hard real-time system

In hard real-time systems the tasks should be run in
on time , time is major constraints.
The response time requirements of hard real-time
systems are in the order of milliseconds or less and
can result in a catastrophe if not met.
Examples for hard real-time systems is
Missile
Industrial Automation
Automobiles
video transmission, each picture frame and audio must be
transferred at fixed rate

Soft real-time system

The response time requirements of soft realtime systems are higher and not very
stringent.
The soft real-time systems will slow down their
response time if the load is very high
Examples are
DVD Player
Mobile phones
digital cameras
playing robots

Embedded System
Architecture

Software Design

Developments Tools

Assembler
C compiler
Editors
RTOS (Real Time Operating System)
Flash programmer
Simulator

Assembler
It is a software that converts assembly
language program to Machine language
program understandable by microprocessor
MOV A,#CR
CALL PUTCHAR
MOV A,#LF
CALL PUTCHAR

Assembly
program

RET

:10002600750B00750C00750D00750E007513FFD26B
:1000360083D284D282C287C286C285C281C200C2EE
:1000460001C202C203C204C205C206C20775140079

Machine
Codes

C cross Compiler
It is a software that converts High level
language program [ written in C ] to Machine
language program understandable by
microprocessor
main()
{ unsigned int d;
int_reg(); int_var();
for(d=0; d < 50000 ;d++)
{ LCD_PORT=0; }

C program

Machine Codes

init_lcd();
TR0=1;
uputs(0,0,15, "Conveyer System
"); 0,15," Version 1.0 ");

:10002600750B00750C00750D00750E007513FFD26B

P0=0;

:1000360083D284D282C287C286C285C281C200C2EE

P2=0;

:1000460001C202C203C204C205C206C20775140079

Editor

Embedded Software
Embedded software is specialized
programming in a chip or onfirmwarein an
embedded deviceto controls its functions.

Foreground/Background Systems
Small systems of low complexity are generally
designed as foreground/background or superloops.
An application consists of an infinite loop that calls
modules (that is, functions) to perform the desired
operations (background).
Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) handle
asynchronous events (foreground). Foreground is
also called interrupt level while background is
called task level.

Foreground/Background Systems

What is Real-Time Operating

System (RTOS)?
real-time operating system (RTOS) is an
operating system that guarantees to perform
certain operation (task) within a specified time
constraint.
Software that manages the time of a
microprocessor, microcontroller, or a digital
signal processor

RTOS Concepts
Critical Section of Code
A critical section of code, also called a critical
region, is code that needs to be treated indivisibly.
Once the section of code starts executing, it must
not be interrupted.

Resource
A resource is any entity used by a task. A resource
can thus be an I/O device such as a printer, a
keyboard, a display, etc. or a variable, a structure,
an array, etc.

RTOS Concepts
Shared Resource
A shared resource is a resource that can be used by more
than one task.
Each task should gain exclusive access to the shared
resource to prevent data corruption.

Multitasking
Multitasking is the process of scheduling and switching the
CPU (Central Processing Unit) between several tasks;
Single CPU switches its attention between several sequential
tasks.
Multitasking maximizes the utilization of the CPU and also
provides for modular construction of applications.

RTOS Concepts
Task
A task, also called a thread, The design process for a realtime application involves splitting the work to be done into
tasks which are responsible for a portion of the problem.
Each task is assigned a priority, its own set of CPU
registers, and its own stack area.

Context Switch
When a multitasking kernel decides to run a different task,
it simply saves the current task's status in CPU registers,
and starts executing new task.
After complete the new task, restored old task from its
storage area and starts executing.

Task States

Basic functions of RTOS

Task scheduling
Interrupt handling
Memory management
Task synchronization
Avoid priority inversion
Time management

Types of RTOS
Hard Real-time RTOS
This type operating systems used in hard real-time
embedded systems
Examples are

LynxOS
OSE
QNX
RTLinux
VxWorks
Windows CE

Types of RTOS
Soft real-time operating system
This type of operating systems used in soft real-time
embedded systems
Examples are

uCOS-II
Android
embOS
Symbian OS

Flash programmer
Flash programmer used to
transfer the binary image
from personal computer to
embedded systems.
Separate software are
used for this purpose
Examples are
Flash magic
Philips flash utility
Win pic
Tiny bootloader

PC
RS232

Programme
r

Embedde
d system

Thank
You