SMART MATERIALS

MME6144
Advanced Materials
Dr. Tedi Kurniawan
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
University Malaysia Pahang

What is SMART Materials?

Groups of Materials:
Metals
Ceramics
Polymer
Composite
Advanced Materials
Their application is usually based on mechanical or

structural properties.
Steel : Strong
Polymer : lightweight
Ceramics: hard and stiff

SMART Materials
Change shape when heat applied
Produce electricity when stress applied
Change in color when heat or electricity applied.

React to a change by its environment by its self

Fast respond!
Other than structural function, smart materials
may functioning as sensor, actuator and
microprocessor.

Definition of Smart Materials

Are materials that can sense and respond

quickly to a stimulus in their environment in

a predictable and useful manner.
Type of stimulus:
Stress
Temperature
Magnetic
Electric
Etc

Example of Smart Materials

Shape Memory Alloys
Piezoelectric Materials
Photochromic Materials
Thermochromics Materials
Electrochromic Materials
Etc

SMART MATERIALS

Review on Crystal Structure of Materials

Atomic Bonding:
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Van Der Waals Bonding

Review on Crystal Structure of Materials

The arrangement of the atoms is called
crystalline structure

Unit cell
Crystalline
structure

Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Review on Crystal Structure of Materials

Lattice Parameter
The size and shape of unit cell is
described by six parameters, which
also called as lattice parameters.
They are:
Three edge length a,b, and c
Three interaxial angles , , and

Review on Crystal Structure of Materials

CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
7 different types of unit cells
(specify the lattice constants):
1. Cubic
2. Tetragonal
3. Orthorhombic
4. Rhombohedral
5. Hexagonal
6. Monoclinic
7. Triclinic

4 basic types of unit cells:

1. Simple
2. Body-centered
3. Face-centered
4. Base-centered

14 standard unit cells

(Bravais)

14 Bravais Conventional Unit Cell

Review on Mechanical Properties

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)

Materials that exhibit

Shape Memory Effect and superelasticity.

The basic principle behind SMAs is that a
solid state phase change occurs in these
materials.
They switch between states of Austenite
(high temperature phase) and Martensite
(low temperature phase).

Shape Memory Effect and Superelasticity

At a low temperature, a SMA can be seemingly plastically
deformed, but this plastic strain can be recovered by increasing the
temperature. This is called the Shape Memory Effect (SME). At a
high temperature, a large deformation can be recovered simply by
releasing the applied force. This behavior is known as
Superelasticity (SE).

(a) Shape Memory Effect

(b) Superelasticity

Phases in Shape memory alloys

Characteristics of Martensitic transformation

1)

Diffusionless transformation; the ordered structure from

austenitic phase is inhereted to the martensitic phase

2)

Lattice deformation; phase transformation is based on lattice

deformation and preserving lattice correspondencies

Characteristics of Martensitic transformation

3)

Habit plane; the interface between parent phase (austenite) and

martensite so that it wont distorted when transformation happened

1. Lattice
transformation
2. Slip deformation
3. Twinned
deformation

Martensitic transformation

Phases in Shape memory alloys

1.
2.
3.
4.

martensitic start temperature (M0s) at which the material starts transforming from
austenite to martensite;
martensitic finish temperature (M0f), at which the transformation is complete and
the material is fully in the martensitic phase;
austenite start temperature (Aos) at which the reverse transformation (austenite to
martensite) initiates; and
austenite finish temperature (Aof) at which the reverse phase transformation is
completed and the material is the austenitic phase.

Shape Memory Effect

1
2
3
4
5

3
1
5

Hysteresis Temperature

Typical transformation versus temperature curve for a specimen under constant

load (stress) as it is cooled and heated. T1: transformation hysteresis; Ms:
martensite start; Mf: martensite finish; As: austenite start, Af: austenite finish.

Identify Transformation Temperature

Superelasticity
It is also possible to induce a phase transformation by applying a
pure mechanical load. The result of this load application is fully
detwinned martensite and very large strains are observed. If the
temperature of the material is above A0f, a complete shape recovery
is observed upon unloading, thus, the material behavior resembles
elasticity. Thus the above-described effect is known under the name
of superelastic Effect.

Flexon eyeglass frames made from Nitinol exhibit

superelastic behavior. After extreme bending they
return to their original shape. (Photo courtesy of
Marchon Eyewear, Inc.)

superelastic Behavior

Superelastic loading path.

Superelastic Behavior

Superelastic stress-strain diagram.

Shape Memory Materials

NITINOL
Nitinol is a trade name for NiTi alloys and the scientific

group that discovered itthe Naval Ordnance Laboratory

(NOL). Discovered in 1963
The most applicable SMA materials until now due to the
excellence properties; high recovery strain (~10%),
longer lifetime, and biocompatible.

Effect

Shape
Memory
Effect

Metal alloys Transf. T Recoverable

T
()
strain
hysteresis
(%)
()

T
Application
Cycle
examples
Properties

NiTi
NiTi-Co

-20 to 70

2 to 3

>1,000,000

Sensor
actuator
(Long life
cycle)

NiTi-Cu

40 to 80

5 to 6

10 to 15

<50,000

Sensor
actuator
(Large
stroke)

NiTi

-10 to 100

6 to 8

20 to 40

<100

connectors
Couplings

6 to 8

Various
spring
elements

SuperNiTi
elasticity NiTi-Co,V,Cr

Applications:
What can we do with shape memory alloy?
Various thermal actuators came into
existence as a part of electric
appliances and automobile engineering:
mixing valve in water heater, flaps in
air conditioners, which charge the
direction of airflow depending upon the
temperature of the air, coffeemakers,
rice cookers, drain systems for steam
heaters in trains, outer vent control
system to avoid fuel evaporation in
automobiles, and devices to open
parallel hydraulic channels in automatic
transmissions.
Fig 8. Application of the SMAs

Mixing valve
SMA spring will control the ratio of cold and hot water. It will prevent
extreme changing of water temperature at the begging of flow.

Rice Cooker
SMA spring opens the pressure control
valve at the certain temperature, and
releases excess steam to outside

 Attitude control system of a stationary satellite

A shape memory spring opens and closes the solar cells that are
mounted on the ends of solar batteries. This adjusts a satellite's
position to the solar wind and controls the overall attitude of the
satellite.

Automatic oil valve adjusting equipment for Shinkansen

Application of SMAs to
an automatic oil-leveladjustment device for the
Shinkansen bullet train.
(a) Photograph of the
Shinkansen Nozomi-700
bullet train; the inset
shows
an
iol-leveladjustment device, which
consists of a SMA coil
spring and a belt-type
bias
spring
(b),(c)
Structure of the gear
unit.

Automatic oil valve adjusting equipment for Shinkansen

Flexible Nitinol wires.

Wires have the ability to flex the robotic muscles according

to electric pulses sent through the wire.

Biological Applications
Bone Plates
Memory effect pulls bones together to promote healing.

Biological Application
Nitinol Stent
A Self-Expandable, Nitinol Stent for the Stabilization of
Non-Obstructive, Soft Coronary Lesions

stent

 Coupling

and Joining

Aircraft Maneuverability
Nitinol wires can be used in
applications such as the
actuators for planes. Many
use bulky hydraulic systems
which are expensive and need
a lot of maintenance.

USAF Aircraft Pictures

The wires in the picture are used to replace the

actuator. Electric pulses sent through the wires
allow for precise movement of the wings, as
would be needed in an aircraft. This reduces
the need for maintenance, weighs less, and is
less costly.

Problems With SMAs

Fatigue from cycling
Causes deformations and grain boundaries
Begin to slip along planes/boundaries
Overstress
A load above 8% strain could cause the SMA to
completely lose its original austenite shape
Difficulty with computer programming
More expensive to manufacture than steel

and aluminum
Relatively new

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS

Piezoelectricity
Electricity resulting from pressure

Piezoelectric Effect
Appearance of an electric potential across certain faces of

a crystal when it is subjected to mechanical pressure

The word originates from the greek word piezein, which
means to press
Discovered in 1880 by Pierre Curie in quartz crystals.
Conversely, when an electric field is applied to one of the
faces of the crystal it undergoes mechanical distortion.
Appeared in crystalline materials including natural crystals
of Quartz, Rochelle Salt and Tourmaline plus
manufactured ceramics such as Barium Titanate and
Lead Zirconate Titanates (PZT).

Piezoelectric Effect
Deform to get voltage

Sensor
(Direct effect)

Apply voltage to deform

Actuator
(Reverse effect)

How Piezoelectric works?

The microscopic origin of the piezoelectric effect is the displacement

of ionic charges within a crystal structure.

In the absence of external strain, the charge distribution is

symmetric and the net electric dipole moment is zero.

However when an external stress is applied, the charges are

displaced and the charge distribution is no longer symmetric and a

net polarization is created.

Using crystals to convert mechanical energy into electricity or vice-versa

Piezoelectricity
The linear relationship between stress X applied to a piezoelectric material and
resulting charge density D is known as the direct piezoelectric effect

Direct piezoelectric effect:

D: Chard density P: polarization;

Q: charge; A: area;
X: stress; d: piezoelectric coefficient

D = Q/A = d X
DP P=dX
(polarization = d * stress)

Direct effect
F

+
-

F
Contraction

+
-

F
Expansion

Piezoelectricity
Converse piezoelectric effect:

x=dE

(strain = d * electric field)

An applied electric field E produces a proportional strain x (linear effect), expansion or

contraction, depending on polarity.

Converse effect

+
-

Contraction

+
-

+
-

Expansion

The piezoelectric coefficients, d for the direct and converse piezoelectric

effects are thermodynamically identical, i.e.

Piezoelectric ceramicsapplications
The principle is adapted to piezoelectric motors,

sound or ultrasound generating devices, and many

other products.
Generator action is used in fuel-igniting devices,
solid state batteries, and other products;
Motor action is adapted to piezoelectric motors,
sound or ultrasound generating devices, and many
other products.

Piezoelectric application
Automotive

Computer
Consumer

Air bag sensor, air flow sensor, audible

alarms, fuel atomiser, keyless door entry,
seat belt buzzers, knock sensors.
Disc drives, inkjet printers.
Cigarette lighters, depth finders, fish
finders, humidifiers, jewellery cleaners,
musical instruments, speakers, telephones.

Medical

Disposable patient monitors, foetal heart

monitors, ultrasonic imaging.

Military

Depth sounders, guidance systems,

hydrophones, sonar.

Quartz Watch
1.Battery.
2.Electric stepping motor.
3.Microchip.
4.Circuit connects microchip to
other components.
5.Quartz crystal oscillator.
6.Crown screw for setting time.
7.Gears turn hour, minute, and
second hands at different speeds.
8.Tiny central shaft holds hands in
place.

Quartz Watch
1. Battery provides current to microchip circuit
2. Microchip circuit makes quartz crystal
(precisely cut and shaped like a tuning fork)
oscillate (vibrate) 32768 times per second.
3. Microchip circuit detects the crystal's
oscillations and turns them into regular electric
pulses, one per second.
4. Electric pulses drive miniature electric stepping
motor. This converts electrical energy into
mechanical power.
5. Electric stepping motor turns gears.
6. Gears sweep hands around the clockface to
keep time.

Piezo electrical ignition creates enough energy that a small

hammer strikes an object within the device. When this object
is struck, it creates voltage. Quart is typically the material used
to generate this spark. The durability of this material makes
such lighters long lasting and very dependable.

Energy Harvesting from Piezoelectric

The term "energy harvesting" refers to the generation of energy from sources
such as ambient temperature, vibration or air flow.

Charging cellphone from fabric

Energy Harvesting from Piezoelectric

Energy harvesting from moving transportation

CROMIC MATERIALS

Chromic Materials
Chromic Materials are materials that change colour in
response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These
include:
Electrochromic materials, which change their colour
or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g. liquid
crystal displays),
Thermochromics materials, which change in colour
depending on their temperature, and
Photochromic materials, which change colour in
response to light - for example, light sensitive
sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight.

Electrochromic
Flip a switch and an

electrochromic window can

change from clear to fully
darkened or any level of tint
in-between.
The action of an electric field
signals the change in the
window's optical and thermal
properties. Once the field is
reversed, the process is also
reversed. The windows
operate on a very low voltage
-- one to three volts -- and
only use energy to change
their condition, not to
maintain any particular state.

Thermochromic
Kettles that change colour and

signs that glow-in-the-dark are

two recent examples of products
becoming smarter as a result of
new materials. Colour-changing
thermochromic pigments are now
routinely made as inks for paper
and fabrics and incorporated
into injection moulded plastics. A
new type of phosphorescent
pigment, capable of emitting light
for up to 10 hours, has opened up
entirely new design opportunities
for instrumentation, low-level
lighting systems etc.

Warm

Cool

Photochromic
Photochromism is the reversible transformation of colour upon

exposure to light. This phenomenon is illustrated in sun glasses.

Electrochromism
When an electroactive species undergoes a change in
colour upon electron transfer or oxidation/reduction the
process is known as electrochromism.
This process normally involves the passage of an
electric current or potential and is reversible.
A colour can form in one or both of the electrodes
(electrode type cell) or in the electrolyte (electrolyte
type cell) adjacent to the electrodes. When the colour is
formed by reduction at a negative electrode it is called
cathodic coloration and, conversely, at the anode it is
anodic coloration.

Electrochromic Cells Coloured Electrode

The transparent electrodes are coated with an organic or inorganic

polymer which becomes coloured on passing a charge through the cell
The degree of colouration can be controlled by the amount of charge
passing through the cell. The cell is bistable; i.e. it remains coloured, even
in the absence of applied voltage, until an equal charge is passed in the
opposite direction through the cell. In other words the coloration of the
electrochromic cell is controllable and switchable on demand.

Electrochromic Cells Coloured Electrolyte

In the coloured electrolyte type, the two complementary lectrochromes

are dissolved in the electrolyte between the transparent electrodes.
One becomes coloured by oxidation and the other by reduction and
consequently the electrolyte becomes coloured. The electrolyte
remains coloured only whilst a current is being passed, becoming
colourless once the charge is removed.

Types of Electrochromes
The materials that change colour on passing a charge are

called electrochromes.
Three types of electrochromes:
Solution Electrochrome; the colouring species remain in

solution. Applied in car, anti-dazzle, rear-view mirrors. Example

chemical: methyl viologen.
Solution-solid electrochrome; the reactants are in solution but
the coloured product is a solid. Applied in large window.
Example chemical: Viologens with hydrophobic chains, such as
heptyl.
Solid electrochrome; all the materials are solids, e.g. in lms.
Applied in smart window. Example chemical: Prussian Blue and
tungsten trioxide.

Smart Window

A power source is wired to the two conducting oxide layers, and a voltage drives
the ions from the ion storage layer, through the ion conducting layer and into the
electrochromic layer. This makes the glass opaque. By shutting off the voltage,
the ions are driven out of the electrochromic layers and into the ion storage layer.
When the ions leave the electrochromic layer, the window regains its
transparency.

THANK YOU

Piezoelectricity
The microscopic origin of the piezoelectric effect

is the displacement of ionic charges within a

crystal structure.
In the absence of external strain, the charge
distribution is symmetric and the net electric
dipole moment is zero.
However when an external stress is applied, the
charges are displaced and the charge distribution
is no longer symetric and a net polarization is
created.

Piezoelectricity
In some cases a crystal posses a unique polar

axis even in the unstrained condition.

This can result in a change of the electric charge
due to a uniform change of temperature.
This is called the pyroelectric effect.
The direct piezoelectric effect is the basis for
force, pressure, vibration and acceleration
sensors and
The converse effect for actuator and
displacement devices.

Piezoelectric and subgroup

The elements of symmetry that are utilized by

crystallographers to define symmetry about a point in

space, for example, the central point of unit cel, are
a point (center) of symmetry,
axes of rotation,
mirror planes, and
combinations of these.

Utilizing these symmetry elements, all crystals can be

divided into 32 different classes or point groups.

Piezoelectric and subgroup

These 32 point groups are subdivisions of 7 basic crystal

systems:

triclinic,
monoclinic,
orthorhombic,
tetragonal,
rhombohedral (trigonal),
hexagonal, and
cubic.

Of the 32 point groups, 21 classes do not possess a center

of symmetry (a necessary condition for piezoelectricity to

exist) and 20 of these are piezoelectric.
One class, although lacking a center of symmetry, is not
piezoelectric because of other combined symmetry
elements.

Piezoelectric and subgroup

32 Symmetry Point
Groups

21 PG: Noncentrosymmetric
20 PG: Piezoelectric (Polarized under stress)
10 PG: Pyroelectric (Spontaneously polarized)
Subgroup Ferroelectric (Spontaneously
Polarized, Revesible Polarization)

11 PG: Centrosymmetric

Piezoelectric and subgroup

As discussed in previously slide, piezoelectric coefficients

must be zero and the piezoelectric effect is absent in all

11 centrosymmetric point groups.
Materials that belong to other symmetries may exhibit the
piezoelectric effect.

How are piezoelectric

ceramics made?
A traditional piezoelectric ceramic is

perovskite crystal, each consisting of

a small, tetravalent metal ion,
usually titanium or zirconium, in a
lattice of larger, divalent metal ions,
usually lead or barium, and O2- ions.
Under conditions that confer

tetragonal or rhombohedral
symmetry on the crystals, each
crystal has a dipole moment.

Polarization of piezoelectric
Above a critical temperature, the Curie point, each

perovskite crystal exhibits a simple cubic symmetry with no

dipole moment.
At temperatures below the Curie point, however, each
crystal has tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry and a
dipole moment.
Adjoining dipoles form regions of local alignment called
domains.
The alignment gives a net dipole moment to the domain,
and thus a net polarization.
The direction of polarization among neighboring domains is
random, however, so the ceramic element has no overall
polarization.

Polarization of piezoelectric
The domains in a ceramic element are aligned by exposing

the element to a strong, direct current electric field, usually at

a temperature slightly below the Curie point.
Through this polarizing (poling) treatment, domains most
nearly aligned with the electric field expand at the expense of
domains that are not aligned with the field, and the element
lengthens in the direction of the field.
When the electric field is removed most of the dipoles are
locked into a configuration of near alignment.
The element now has a permanent polarization, the
remanent polarization, and is permanently elongated.

Electric dipoles in Weiss

domains; (1) unpoled
ferroelectric ceramic,
(2) during and (3) after
poling (piezoelectric
ceramic)

Piezoelectricity

Domain Wall Movement

Piezo Materials
Some examples of practical piezo materials

are barium titanate, lithium niobate,

polyvinyledene difluoride (PVDF), and lead
zirconate titanate (PZT).
There are several different formulations of the
PZT compound, each with different
electromechanical properties.

What can piezoelectric ceramics

do?
Mechanical compression or tension on a poled piezoelectric ceramic

element changes the dipole moment, creating a voltage.

Compression along the direction of polarization, or tension
perpendicular to the direction of polarization, generates voltage of the
same polarity as the poling voltage.

Generator and motor actions of a piezoelectric element