PRESENTATION

REINFORCED CONCRETE

By Dr : Samy Akil Fawzy

Ph.D. Concrete Structures.

Reinforced Concrete structures may be:

1-Buidings
2-Tanks

3-Bridges
4-Tunnels
5-Silos
6-Sheds & Halls

7-Towers
8-Airports
9-Dams
10-Retaining walls.
11-chimenys

In order to construct any concrete structure we

have to study the following items:
1-The materials used in construction
Steel reinforcement Concrete or others.
2-The expected loads on the structure.
Wind load- Seismic loads Dead or live loads
3-The straining actions affecting the structure
As Bending moment Shearing force & Normal force.

Concrete structures are divided into 4 main elements:

1-Slab & Stairs
As Solid slab ,Hollow block ,Flat slab ,Paneled beam
precast slab ,Hollow core slab ,Double Tee.
2-Beams
Either cast in situ or Precast beams and can be used a steel joist instead
of the concrete beam.
3-Columns and Walls
Columns can be of different shapes and sizes.
Walls can be shear walls or wall cores
4-Footings & Retaining walls.
Footings as isolated , combined ,strap, strip, piles , casions.
Tie beams or smelles.
It is used to tie the whole building to act together if differential
settlement might occur to the soil and also it can be used in an upper
level to carry walls as to decrease the height of bricks in the ground level.
Retaining walls act as a support for soil earth pressure.

The Design of any structure element is the calculation of the needed

dimension & inclusion of steel reinforcement in order to resist the
straining actions which occur on the structure.
Concrete
dimension

Slabs
Beams
Columns

Design

Quantity
of steel.

Footing
Details of
Steel.

Reinforced Concrete consists of:

Cement
Gravel
Sand
Water
Admixtures
Strengthen by steel reinforcement.

Concrete:

Concrete has a high compressive strength and low tensile

strength it might be about one tenth of the compressive
strength.
The low tensile strength of concrete and ductility are
enhanced by the inclusion of reinforcement having a high
tensile strength and increasing the ductility of the
concrete element.
Reinforcement are generally designed to resist the tensile
stress in the region of the cracked concrete.

Building Types
1-Skelton Type: The loads
are transferred from the
Slabs to beams and the
columns carry the beams.
The loads from the columns
are carried by the reinforced
Footings.
2-Wall Bearing Type:
The old building type were the loads of the slabs are carried by beams
Which are above each wall, and the loads of the beams are transferred
to the bearing wall below(not less than 1 brick) to the footing below
either reinforced strip footing or plain concrete strip footing.
Slab

R.C Beam

Wall

Footing

Not less than 250

mm

-Wall Bearing Type

The Wall bearing type ,the bricks starts at the
strip footings or R.C. smelles with a thickness
not less than 520 mm (2 bricks) and decreases
in thickness as we go upward so that the final
thickness of the wall bearing wont be less
than 250 mm (1 brick).
When the wall carry more slabs the downward
thickness of the wall will depend on the loads
above but wont be less than 520mm as
mentioned before.

Not less than 520 mm

Skelton Type:

The loads in the Skelton type building transfer from an

element to another till it reaches the ground.
1-Slab & Stairs
As Solid slab ,Hollow block ,Flat slab ,Paneled beam
precast slab ,Hollow core slab ,Double Tee.
2-Beams
Either cast insitu or Precast beams and can be used a steel
joist instead of the concrete beam.
3-Columns
Columns can be of different shapes and sizes.
3-Walls
Walls can be shear walls or wall cores
4-Footings
Footings as isolated , combined ,strap, strip, piles , casions.
4-Tie beams & Smelles
It is used to tie the whole building to act together if
differential settlement might occur to the soil and also it can
be used in an upper level to carry walls as to decrease the
height of bricks in the ground level.
4-Retaining walls.

We will focus upon the slabs

The Slabs
Concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings
and used in the construction of floors and ceilings.
Slabs are carried by columns and beams
Reinforced concrete slabs typically ranges between 100 mm -500
mm in thickness.
The reinforced concrete slab depends upon the area carried and the
short span in fact for the serviceability requirements.
The choice of type of the slab depends on many factors the most
important is the economy of construction

Solid Slab
Solid Slabs might be
A-One way slab

B-Two way slab

C-Cantilever slab

Flat Slab
1.
2.
3.
4.

ordinary flat slab

Flat slab with Drop panel only
Flat slab with Column Head only
Flat slab with Drop panel &
Column Head

Hollow block Slab

Waffle or Ribbed Slab

Paneled beam
Slab

Concrete Structures are affected by some kind of loading

as:
1-Dead load
2-Live load
3-Wind load especially in towers
4-Earthquake loading
5-differntial settlement
6-temperature loading
7-braking force
8-lateral shock in cranes
9-water and earth pressure
10-impact load

Design of Reinforced Concrete members

1-Limit State design Method )Ultimate strength limit
state),(stability limit state),(Serviceability limit state).
2-Elastic (working Stress) Design Method

Thank You for your attention