Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BHAVIN V KAKANI
IT-NU
Contents:
Introduction to RWP
Different methods of wave propagation between Tx and Rx.
Ground wave/ Surface wave propagation
Sky wave/ Ionospheric wave propagation
Space wave propagation
Transverse wave
When a stone is dropped in water,
Transverse wave
A Transverse wave is a wave which occurs in the directions
Propagation of radio
wave is not only used
in radio
communication for
transmission over
short and long
distance, but also in
radar, radio direction
finding, control of
machine from a
distance, etc.
Modes of Propagation:
o Ground wave/surface wave: travels along or near
the surface of
the earth.
o Space wave: travels directly from Tx to Rx; dont
follow earth and
dont move towards the sky.
o Sky wave: wave travels upwards into space/sky and
get reflected
back to Rx.
Modes of WP
Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)
Stratosphere
(12 - 50 km)
Space wave
tter
i
m
s
Tran
Ground wave
Earth
Rece
iv
er
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as
compared to wavelength
- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
Diffraction
Radio path between transmitter and receiver
obstructed by
surface with sharp irregular edges
Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS
does not exist
Scattering
Objects smaller than the wavelength of the
propagation wave
- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts
13
Radio Propagation
Building
Direct Signal
Reflected Signal
hb
Diffracted
Signal
Transmitter
hm
Receiver
14
RF bands
Classification Band
Initials
Frequency Range
Characteristics
Extremely low
ELF
< 300 Hz
Infra low
ILF
300 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low
VLF
3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low
LF
Medium
MF
Ground/Sky wave
High
HF
3 MHz - 30 MHz
Sky wave
Very high
VHF
Ultra high
UHF
Super high
SHF
3 GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high
EHF
Tremendously high
THF
Ground wave
Space wave
We
obtain the expression for field strength (generally Electric field) at receiving
antenna using Poynting theorem:
The magnitude of power delivered can be obtained as
E = V/m
It is the expression for field strength at the receiving antenna for the wave
propagation in free space.
To minimize the losses, the transmission path must be over ground with high
conductivity.
With this respect, sea water is best conductor with very less losses.
flat rich soil and rocky area show maximum losses.
High power low frequency transmitters, using ground wave propagation are
preferably located on ocean fronts.
The medium wave broadcast service uses ground wave.
They are not affected by the changes in atmospheric conditions.
They require relatively high transmitter power.
This mode is suitable for low and medium frequency i.e. upto 2 MHz
Wave Tilting
Wave tilt is defined as the change in orientation of the vertically polarized ground
wave at the surface of the earth.
Tilt depends upon conductivity and permittivity of the earth.
As the wave progress over the curvature of the earth, the wave fronts start tilting
more and more.
This increase in tilt results in more short circuiting hence reducing the field
strength.
Finally, the waves die at appreciable distance.
Due to tilt there exist both vertical and horizontal component of the electric field.
It changes the original vertically polarized wave into elliptically polarized wave.
Frequency
Dielectric constant
Conductivity of earth
The ionosphere
TROPOSPHERIC DUCTING
Duct Propagation
It is a phenomenon of propagation making use of the atmospheric duct
region. The duct region exists between 2 levels where the variation of
refractive index with height is minimum.
In this, the ray which is parallel to earth surface travels round the earth in a
series of hops with successive reflections from the earth.
Troposcatter
as
uses
properties
of
Some important
definitions
Virtual Height
Critical Frequency
MUF
Skip distance
LUF
OWF
Virtual Height
As the wave is refracted from the layer, it is bent down
gradually rather sharply.
The actual path of the wave is a curve and is due to
refraction of the wave.
It is more of reflected rather than refracted, the path can
be assumed to be straight lines TD and RD.
The height OD is called the virtual height of the ionized
layer as it is not its true height.
Virtual height is always greater than the true height
If virtual height is known then the angle of incidence can
be calculated.
Critical Frequency
The highest frequency which can be reflected by a
Critical Frequency
(Conti.)
At vertical incidence, the electron density go on increasing
Critical Frequency
(Conti.)
Thus, critical frequency gives an idea that radio waves of
Maximum Usable
Frequency (MUF)
MUF (Conti.)
Can also be defined as the frequency which makes a given
Optimum Working
Frequency (OWF)
Radio Horizon