MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE
BODIES

The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics

1. statics,
2. dynamics,
3. and mechanics of materials.
Statics and dynamics are devoted primarily to the study
of the external effects upon rigid bodiesthat is, bodies for
which the change in shape (deformation) can be neglected.
Mechanics of materials deals with the internal effects
and deformations that are caused by the applied loads.

DEFORMATIONS PRODUCED BY THE COMPONENTS

OF INTERNAL FORCES AND COUPLES

 P: The component of the resultant

force that is perpendicular to the
cross section, tending to elongate or
shorten the bar, is called the normal
force.
V: The component of the resultant
force lying in the plane of the cross
section, tending to shear (slide) one
segment of the bar relative to the
other segment, is called the shear
force.
T: The component of the resultant
couple that tends to twist (rotate) the
bar is called the twisting moment or

SIMPLE
STRESS

AXIAL STRESS
Is the stress caused by forces acting
perpendicular to the cross-sectional
area of the body
Also called normal stress



Where

= normal stress (Mpa , Ksi)

P = Axial force ( N, KN, lb, kip )
A = cross sectional area (, )
Factors to be considered:
1. Load must be axial
2. Cross sectional area is uniform / constant
3. Material is homogeneous

TWO TYPES OF AXIAL STRESS

Compressive Stress

Tensile Stress

For non uniform stress

*problems on board

STRESS ANALYSIS
Equilibrium Analysis .
If necessary, find the external reactions using a free-body
diagram (FBD) of the entire structure.
Compute the axial force P in the member using the
method of sections. This method introduces an imaginary
cutting plane that isolates a segment of the structure.
The cutting plane must include the cross section of the
member of interest. The axial force acting in the member
can then be found from the FBD of the isolated segment
because it now appears as an external force on the FBD.

STRESS ANALYSIS
Computation of Stress .
After the axial force has been found by equilibrium
analysis, the average normal stress in the member can
be obtained from

where
A is the cross-sectional area of the member at the
cutting plane.

STRESS ANALYSIS

Design Considerations
For purposes of design, the computed stress must
be compared with the allowable stress, also called
the working stress. To prevent failure of the
member, the computed stress must be less than
the working stress.

STRESS ANALYSIS
Note on the Analysis of Trusses
The usual assumptions made in the analysis of trusses are:
(1)weights of the members are negligible compared to the
applied loads;
(2) joints behave as smooth pins; and
(3) all loads are applied at the joints.
Under these assumptions, each member of the truss is an
axially loaded bar. The internal forces in the bars can be
obtained by the method of sections or the method of joints
(utilizing the free-body diagrams of the joints).

PROBLEM #1
The bar ABCD consists of three cylindrical steel
segments with different lengths and cross-sectional
areas. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the
normal stress in each segment.

PROBLEM #2
The wood pole is supported by
two cables -in diameter. The
turnbuckles in the cable are
tightened until the stress in the
cables reaches 60000 psi. if the
working compressive stress for
wood is 200 psi, determine the
smallest permissible diameter of
the pole.

5.70 INCHES

PROBLEM #3
Determine the largest weight W
that can be supported safely by
the structure shown in the figure.
The working stresses are 16 000
psi for the steel cable AB and 720
psi for the wood strut BC. Neglect
the weight of the structure.

9216 lb

PROBLEM #4
Find the maximum
allowable value of P for the
column. The cross-sectional
areas and working stresses
are shown in the figure.

PROBLEM #5

For the truss loaded

as shown, determine
the normal stress
develop in members
AD, DC and EC.
Use

PROBLEM 6

The
1000-kg uniform bar AB is
suspended from two cables AC and
BD; each with cross-sectional area .
Find the magnitude P and location x
of the largest additional vertical
force that can be applied to the bar.
The stresses in AC and BD are
limited to 100 MPa and 50 MPa,
respectively.

SEATWORK

For the truss loaded

as shown, determine
the normal stress
develop in members
FG, BF and BC.
Use

SEATWORK

From
the figure as
shown. The stress in
either wire is not to
exceed 30 ksi. The
cross-sectional areas of
wires AB and AC are and
, respectively.

forc
e

forc
e

SHEARING STRESS
Is the stress caused by forces acting
along or parallel to the area resisting
the force
Also called the tangential stress

In symbol;

Where

= shearing stress (MPa)

V = shear load (N, KN)

A = shear area ()

SINGLE SHEAR

Where
A= xn
where n = no. of rivets

DOUBLE SHEAR

Where
A= x2xn
where n = no. of rivets

DOUBLE SHEAR

Where
A= x2xn
where n = no. of rivets

PROBLEM #1
Find the smallest diameter bolt that
can be used in the clevis as shown, if P
= 400 kN. The working shear stress for
the bolt is 300 MPa.

ANS.
29.13mm

PROBLEM #2
Compute the maximum force
P that can be applied to the
foot pedal. The 6-mm.diameter pin at B is in single
shear, and its working shear
stress is 28 MPa. The cable
attached at C has a diameter
of 3 mm. and a working
normal stress of 140 MPa.

ANS.
45.30N

PROBLEM #3
The right-angle bar is supported by a
pin at B and a roller at C: What is the
maximum safe value of the load P that
can be applied if the shear stress in
the pin is limited to 20 000 psi? The
3/4-in.-diameter pin is in double shear.

ANS.
19770 lb

PROBLEM #4
The bar has a cross-sectional area A
and is subjected to the axial load P.
Determine the average normal and
average shear stresses acting over the
shaded section, which is oriented at
from the horizontal.

PUNCHING SHEAR

Punching shear stress is applied to a plane

perpendicular to the normal stress plane. This
stress can commonly be found during a
manufacturing punching process using a
press, die, and die block.
Like general stress, punching shear stress is
not evenly uniform over the cross-sectional

PUNCHING SHEAR

Where
A=

PROBLEM #5

What
force is required to punch a
20-mm-diameter hole in a plate
that is 25 mm thick?

The shear strength of the plate is

350 .

ANS.
549.8 KN

PROBLEM #6
A circular hole is to be punched in a
plate that has a shear strength of
40ksi. The working compressive stress
for the punch is 50 ksi.
(a) Compute the maximum thickness
of a plate in which a hole 2.5 in. in
diameter can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick,
determine the diameter of the smallest
hole that can be punched.

ANS.
a. 0.781 INCH
b. 0.8 INCH

BEARING STRESS
two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive
If
forces are developed on the area of contact. The pressure
caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress.

In Symbol;
Where = bearing stress (MPa)
= bearing load (N, KN)
= projected area ()

=Dt x n

where n = no. of rivets

SUMMARY OF SIMPLE STRESS

Axial/Normal
Stress

Shearing/tangenti
al

Mode of failure:

Mode of failure:

-tearing of Plate

-breaking of the
rivets

Bearing Stress
Mode of failure:
-tearing of the
thinner plate at the
riveted connection

Cross sectional
Area:

Cross sectional
Area:

A=wt

A=

Cross sectional
Area:
A=Dt x n

PROBLEM #1
The lap joint shown is fastened by
four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter.
Find the maximum load P that
can be applied if the working
stresses are 14 ksi for shear in
the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in
the plate. Assume that the
applied load is distributed evenly
among the four rivets, and
neglect friction between the
plates.

ANS
24,700 lb

PROBLEM #2
The lap joint is connected by
three 20-mm-diameter rivets.
Assuming that the axial load
P=50 kN is distributed equally
among the three rivets, find (a)
the shear stress in a rivet; (b)
the bearing stress between a
plate and a rivet; and
(c) the maximum average
tensile stress in each plate.

ANS
a. 53 MPa
b.33.33 MPa
c.18.18 MPa

PROBLEM #3
The figure shows a roof truss and
the detail of the connection at
joint B. Members BC and BE are
angle sections with the
thicknesses. The working
stresses are 70 MPa for shear in
the rivets and 140 MPa for
bearing stress due to the rivets.
How many 19-mm-diameter
rivets are required to fasten the
following members to the gusset
plate: (a) BC; and (b) BE?

ANS
a. 7 RIVETS
b. 5 RIVETS

SEATWORK 1
Assume that the axial load P
applied to the lap joint is
distributed equally among the
three 20-mm-diameter rivets.
What is the maximum load P
that can be applied if the
allowable stresses are 40 MPa
for shear in rivets, 90 MPa for
bearing between a plate and a
rivet, and 120 MPa for tension
in the plates?

ANS
37.7 KN

SEATWORK 2

For
the truss loaded as
shown, determine the axial
stress develop in

1.) Member CE (A=),

2.)Member DE (A=), and
3.)Member CD (A=).

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

Consider the cylindrical tank of inner
radius r and wall thickness t. The tank
contains a fluid (or gas) under pressure
p.
Two types of stresses develop in thinwalled cylinder,
a. Tangential stress
b. Longitudinal stress

A. TANGENTIAL STRESS
- Is the stress caused by forces acting tangent to the surface of the cylinder
- Also known as hoop, girth or circumferential stress.

In Symbol;
Where

= tangential stress (MPa)

= internal pressure (MPa)
D = inside diameter (mm)
t = thickness(mm)

B. LONGITUDINAL STRESS
- Is the stress caused by forces acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
cylinder

In Symbol;
Where

= longitudinal stress (MPa)

= internal pressure (MPa)
D = inside diameter (mm)
t = thickness(mm)

PROBLEM #1
cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400
A
mm in diameter with a wall thickness of
20 mm, is subjected to an internal
pressure of 4.5 .

(a)Calculate the tangential and

longitudinal stresses in the steel.
(b)To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in
the steel is limited to ?

Ans
a. 45Mpa and
22.5 Mpa
b. 12Mpa

PROBLEM #2
A cylindrical pressure vessel is
fabricated from steel plating that has a
thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of
the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its
length is 2.0 m. Determine the
maximum internal pressure that can be
applied if the longitudinal stress is
limited to 140 MPa, and the
circumferential stress is limited to 60
MPa.

Ans
5.33MPa

PROBLEM #3

A
water tank, 22 ft in
diameter, is made from steel
plates that are in. thick.
Find the maximum height to
which the tank may be filled
if the circumferential stress is
limited to 6000 psi. The
specific weight of water is .

ANS
H=52.45 FT

PROBLEM #4

The tank shown is

fabricated from 1/8-in
steel plate. Calculate the
maximum longitudinal
and circumferential stress
caused by an internal
pressure of 125 psi.

ANS
6.57KSI
21KSI