Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PRE-TEST
p q r p ~ q r .
c.
DEFINITION OF LOGIC
STATEMENT
Example
r : Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. (T)
q : 5 > 6. (F)
p : If an integer x is a multiple of 6, then x is even. (T)
TRUTH TABLE
i.
ii.
3 statements
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
p
T
F
T
T
F
T
F
F
q
T
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
2 number of statements
logical
2 possibilities
4
2
r
T
T
T
F
T
F
F
F
logical
2 possibilities
8
3
COMPLEX / MOLECULAR /
COMPOUND STATEMENT
CONNECTIVES
Disjunction
Implication
Equivalence
NEGATION ~
~p
CONJUNCTION
pq
F
F
F moreover, however,
This translates
and,
but,
although, yet, etc.
Some other books use the signs or &.
DISJUNCTION
This leaves open the possibility that both sides are true. This
called the inclusive or.
The word or is sometimes used another way in English.
Compare:
Either Kelantan will be Liga Super Malaysia champs or Johor will be Liga
FAM champs. (Inclusive or)
Either Negeri Sembilan will be Liga FAM champs or Johor will be Liga
FAM champs. (Exclusive or)
IMPLICATION / CONDITIONAL
EXAMPLE OF IMPLICATION
STATEMENT
Let say.. Ms. Suganty tells you that
If you participate in class,
then you will get extra points.
(fact 2 )
WHEN IS MS SUGANTYS
STATEMENT IS TRUE?
If
If
If
IMPORTANT!
EQUIVALENCE
EQUIVALENCE
(CONT)
What we are saying here: If the red light flashes, then he will
push button A; and he will not push button A if the red light
does not flash
If he pushes the button even though the light does not flash. OR
He fails to push the button when the light does flash
PRECEDENCE OF LOGICAL
OPERATORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
).
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCES
In the process of reasoning, we often replace a
known statement with an equivalent statement
that more closely addresses the result that we
are trying to establish.
To ensure that this process produces a valid
mathematical argument, we must be able to
verify the statement we are replacing does indeed
have the same meaning as the one we replace it
with.
Two such statements are said to be logically
equivalent.
LOGICAL EQUIVALENCES :
DEFINITION
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
QUANTIFIERS
NEGATING STATEMENT
PROOFS
THEOREM
PROOF
DEFINITION
METHOD OF PROVING
1.
2.
3.
4.
Direct Proof
Contrapositive Proof
Proof by Contradiction
Mathematical Induction