BREAST CANCER

A cancer that starts in the

cells of the breast in
women and men

BREAST CANCER
Risk factors you cannot
change

GenderAge
Genetic risk factors
Race
Personal history of
breast cancer
Menstrual periods
Treatment with DES

Risk Factor you can

change lifestyle choices

Nullipara
Use of birth control
pills
Postmenopausal
hormone therapy (PHT)
Use of alcohol
Being overweight or
obese

BREAST CANCER
Cause:

Exact causes
of Cancer is
UNKNOWN

Study

Lesions to DNA
such as genetic
mutations
Abnormal growth
factor- signaling
Inherited defects
in DNA repair
genes

Paget's disease
named after Sir James
Paget
include redness and
mild scaling and flaking
of the nipple skin and
resembles eczema, and
can be itchy

Male Breast Cancer

Men with breast cancer
usually have lumps that
can be felt
men have breast tissue
and that they can
develop breast cancer.

BREAST CANCER
SYMPTOMS

a lump in the surrounding breast tissue.

changes in breast size or shape, skin dimpling,
nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple
discharge
Mastodynia breast pain
peau d'orange- pain, swelling, warmth and
redness throughout the breast, as well as an
orange-peel texture to the skin- inflammatory
breast cancer (IBC)
Paget's disease of the breast

BREAST CANCER

Diagnostic Test

common methods
screening are:
self and clinical
breast exams
Incision and biopsy)
mammography
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Genetic testing may
also used

BREAST CANCER
Treatment

surgery when the tumor

is localized
adjuvant hormonal
therapy (with tamoxifen
or an aromatase inhibitor)
Adjuvant therapy
Hormone Therapy
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Interstitial laser
thermotherapy (ILT)

Cancer of the Reproductive

System
Female

Reproductive System

Ovary
Uterus
Endometrial
Uterus Cervical
Vagina/Vulva

Ovarian Cancer
is a cancerous growth arising
from different parts of the
ovary
most cases, there are no
known causes
called a silent killer
Ovarian cancer can develop
at any age

Ovarian Cancer
Risk factors

Genetic risk factors

Increasing age- menopausal women
Nullipara
Early menstrual cycles- start before 12
years old and late menopausal
Use of estrogens or hormone replacement
therapy
Use of Talc, High fat diet

Ovarian Cancer
Symptoms
pelvic pressure or
frequent urination
unexplained changes in
bowel habits

pain or swelling in the

abdomen
pain during intercourse
vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women

Ovarian Cancer
Diagnostic Exams
PE
pelvic examination
CA-125 assay
one or more various imaging procedures
(MRI, CTs scan, UTZ)
a lower GI series, or barium enema

diagnostic laparoscopy

Treatment Ovarian Cancer

Treatment
Surgery- oophorectomy, bilateral
oophorectomy,TAHBSO
Chemotherapy- via the lymphatic
system or the blood stream
Radiation

UTERINE CANCER
Cancer of uterine cavity
Divided into two primary forms
Endometrial Cancer
Cervical Cancer

Endometrial Cancer
develops when the cells that make up the
endometrium become abnormal and grow
uncontrollably
exact cause of endometrial cancer is
unknown

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer
CAUSES
high levels of
estrogen

Risk Factor
Age- age of 50 and above
Obesity
Estrogen replacement
therapy
Diabetes Hypertension
Early first menstruation or
late menopause
Tamoxifen
Genetic factors
Nullipara women

Symptoms of Endometrial
cancer

Vaginal bleeding

Anemia
menorrhagia
Lower abdominal
metrorrhagia
pain or pelvic
in premenopausal
cramping
women in women older
Thin white or
than 40: extremely
clear vaginal
long, heavy, or
discharge in
frequent episodes of
postmenopausal
bleeding (may
women.
indicate premalignant
changes)

Diagnostic Exams for

Endometrial cancer

Pap smear
Endometrial curettage
Hysteroscopy
Endometrial biopsy or aspiration
Transvaginal ultrasound
TruTest- uses the small flexible Tao
Brush to brush the entire lining of the
uterus

Treatment for Endometrial

cancer
Surgical treatment TAHBSO
Abdominal hysterectomy more prefer than
vaginal hysterectomy

Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy

CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER

a disease in which the cells

of the cervix become
abnormal and start to grow
uncontrollably, forming
tumors.
third most common cancer
of the female reproductive
tract

CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER
RISK FACTOR:

Multiple Sex Partner

Smoking
some hormonal
contraception,diethylstilbestrol
(DES)
a family history of cervical cancer.
Lack of regular Pap tests

Symptoms of Cervical
Cancer

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Bleeding that occurs between
regular menstrual periods
after sexual intercourse,
douching, or a pelvic exam
Menstrual periods that last
longer and are heavier than
before
Bleeding after menopause
Increased vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during sexual intercourse

CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER

PREVENTION
Awareness
(human
papillomavirus)
Screening (Pap
smear)
Vaccination of
HPV
Use of condoms

DIAGNOSTIC
EXAM

Pap smear
BiopsyEndocervical
curettage
cystoscopy
Colposcopy
CT scan, MRI

CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER

TREATMENT
SURGERY
Hysterectomy or radical
hysterectomy
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Alternative and Complementary
Therapies

Vaginal Cancer
a disease in which malignant
(cancer) cells form in the vagina
When found in early stages, it can
often be cured

Vaginal Cancer
CAUSES
The cause of vaginal cancer is
not known.
Age and exposure to the drug
DES (diethylstilbestrol) before
birth affect a womans risk of
developing vaginal cancer.

Vaginal Cancer
Risk Factor
aged 60 or older
exposed to DES while in the
mother's womb
Having (HPV) infection
history of abnormal cells in the
cervix or cervical cancer
very poor hygiene

Vaginal Cancer
SYMPTOMS
o Abnormal vaginal bleeding or
discharge not related to
menstrual periods.
o Pain during sexual
intercourse.
o Pain in the pelvic area.
o A lump in the vagina.

Vaginal Cancer
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS

Physical exam and history

Pelvic exam- exam of the vagina, cervix,
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum.
Speculum is also use to visualize
Pap smear
Biopsy
Colposcopy- lighted, magnifying instrument
to check the vagina and cervix

Vaginal Cancer
Surgery- vaginectomyremoval of vagina
Hysterectomy
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

Reproductive Disorder
in

Male
TESTICULAR
CANCER
PENILE CANCER

TESTICULAR CANCER
cancer that develops
in the testicles
Rare but usually
occur between ages
15-35
No known
etiology/cause

TESTICULAR CANCER
Risk Factor

major risk factor for the

development of testis cancer is
cryptorchidism
inguinal hernia
mumps orchitis
sedentary lifestyle
hormones

TESTICULAR CANCER
SYMPTOMS
a lump
loss of sexual
activity or interest
A burning sensation
specially following physical activity.

hydrocele

build-up of fluid in the scrotum

or tunica vaginalis, known as

a dull ache in the

lower abdomen or
groin

sometimes described as a "heavy" sensation

Lumbago
severely enlarged
testicle (tumor)
lower back pain

as much as

3 times the original size.

other testicle may

be shrunken in size
blood in semen
general weak and
tired feeling

TESTICULAR CANCER
Diagnostic Exams

Treatment
ORCHIECTOMY

Scrotum examination- Surgical removal of one or both

testes
palpation
Followed by
scrotal ultrasound

Adjuvant Treatment
CT scans
Chemotherapy
tumor markers- AFP
Radiotherapy
alpha1 feto protein,
CT scans
Beta-HCG, and LDH
blood tests
Biopsy- inguinal
orchiectomy

Penile Cancer
growth found on the skin
or in the tissues of the
penis

ETIOLOGY
exact cause of penile
cancer is unknown
cancers may be
related to chronic
exposure to
carcinogens
associated with
human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection

Penile Cancer
Risk Factor

Person (HPV)
infection
Smoking
phimosis
treatment of
psoriasis w/ UV light
Age
AIDS
poor hygiene

Symptoms
Redness
rashes
a lump on the penis
Penile lesions
ulcerations from
irritation
allergic reactions
Severe- penile
papule

Penile Cancer
Diagnostic Exams
Penile
Examination)
CT scan
Biopsy

Treatment

SURGERY
Amputation (penectomy) - a
partial or total removal of
the penis, and possibly the
associated lymph nodes
RADIATION THERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

Thank you