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Security System,any of various means or devices designed to

guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards,
includingcrime,fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion,
and attack.

Most Security System emphasizes certain hazards. The principal

security concerns are shoplifting and employee dishonesty. A
typical set of categories to be protected includes the personal
safetyof people in the organization, such as employees,
customers, or residents; tangible property, such as the plant,
equipment, finished products, cash, and securities, such as highly
classified national-securityinformationor proprietary
information (e.g.,trade secrets) of private organizations. An
important distinction between a security and protection system
and public services such aspoliceandfiredepartments is that
the former employs means that emphasize passive and
preventive measures.

Security systems are found in a wide variety of organizations,

ranging from government agencies and industrial plants to
apartment buildings and schools. Sufficiently large organizations
may have their own proprietary security systems or may
purchase security services by contract from specialized security
organizations.

The origins of security systems are obscure, but techniques for

protecting the household, such as the use of locks and barred
windows, are very ancient. As civilizations developed, the
distinction between passive and active security was recognized,
and responsibility for active security measures was vested in
police and fire-fighting agencies.

By the mid-19th century, private organizations such as those

ofPhilip Sorensen in Sweden andAllan Pinkertonin the United
States had also begun to build efficient large-scale security services.
Pinkertons organization offeredintelligence, counterintelligence,
internal security, investigative, and law enforcement services to
private business and government. Until the advent of collective
bargaining in the United States, strikebreaking was also a prime
concern. The Sorensen organization, in contrast, moved toward a
loss-control service forindustry. It provided personnel trained to
prevent and deal with losses from crime, fire,accident, and flood
and established the pattern for security services in the United
Kingdom and elsewhere in western Europe.

World Wars I and II brought an increased awareness of security

systems as a means of protection against military espionage,
sabotage, and subversion; such programs in effect became part of a
countrysnational-securitysystem. After World War II much of this
apparatus was retained as a result of international tensions and
defense-production programs and became part of an increasingly
professionalized complex of security functions.

The development and diffusion of security systems and

hardware in various parts of the world has been an uneven
process. In relativelyunderdeveloped countries, or the
underdeveloped parts of recently industrializing countries,
securitytechnologygenerally exists in rudimentary form,
such as barred windows, locks, and elementary personnel
security measures. In many such regions, however, facilities
of large international corporations and sensitive government
installations employ sophisticated equipment and
techniques.

Since the 1960s, crime-related security systems have grown

especially rapidly in most countries. Among contributing
factors have been the increase in number of securitysensitive businesses; development of new security functions,
such as protection of proprietary information; increasing
computerization of sensitive information subject to unique
vulnerabilities; improved reporting of crime and consequent
wider awareness; and the need in many countries for

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