Lithium / Iron

disulfide (Li/FeS2)
Batteries
BY : MALDONADO NOGALES PAUL

(FeS)

(FeS2)

Both the monosulfide

and the disulfide
forms,
has been considered for use in solid-cathode lithium batteries.

- Higher sulfur
content
- Higher
voltage.

Button-type Li/FeS2 batteries

were manufactured
As

a replacement for zinc / silver oxide

batteries but are no longer marketed.

They

had a higher impedance

slightly

lower power capability but were lower

in cost
better

low-temperature performance and

storability. than the zinc /alkaline-manganese dioxide
batteries.

Requirement
%
Self-discharge
Thermal loss
Cheap
Nontoxicity
Cost
effectiveness

Objective

Efficiency

Nanoestructuring
Improving

the capacity and rate

capability of electrode
materials of electrode

Increasing

electrode/electrolyte
contact area.

electrolyte

 Pyrite

FeS2 as a classical cathode

material creates a great value in
commercial primary lithium batteries by
Energizer Company, mainly because of
the cheap materials, abundant
resources, and the capability of electron
transfer
Pyrite FeS2 microspheres wrapped by reduced graphene oxide as highperformance lithium-ion battery anodes 2015, City University of Hong Kong

 Pyrite

FeS2 as a classical cathode

material creates a great value in
commercial primary lithium batteries by
Energizer Company, mainly because of
the cheap materials, abundant
resources, and the capability of
electron transfer
Pyrite FeS2 microspheres wrapped by reduced graphene oxide as highperformance lithium-ion battery anodes 2015, City University of Hong Kong

The performance of these two systems on

constant-current discharge at various discharge
rates, in the AA size, is compared

Discharge rate vs. capacity of Li /FeS2 and Zn/ alkaline /MnO2 AA-size batteries
at

Chemistry?

Intermediate species are formed during the

discharge, but they have not been fully
characterized.
They are dependent on many variables, including
discharge rate and temperature.
Handbook of batteries third edition David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy 2002

Experimental

Slurry preparation and coating on the Cu foil

Doctor blade coating

Active material
Super-P

Stirring in NMP

PVdF

120 12 h in vacuum oven

Charge-discharge test
Working Electrode : Mix of active material, Super-P
and PVdF coated Cu foil
Counter electrode : Li metal
Spacer ring
Spacer
Counter electrode
Separator
Working electrode
Gasket

2032 Coin cell

Electrolyte solution : 1 M LiClO4 / EC+DMC (1:1 v/v)

Voltage range : 0.8 ~ 2.8 V (Intercalation reaction)
C-rate : 0.1 C

Results
Charge and discharge
curves for FeS2
electrode in 1 M
LiClO4 / EC+DMC (1:1
v/v)
at the current
density of 0.089 A g-1

 The

cells was made by myself at first time

Not

enough electrolyte

If

iron is formed inside the cell.

the

compounds came in contact with the

counterelectrode of the cell, caused a short circuit.
This mechanism may also cause shorting during
the cycling of the development LI/FeS2 cells.

Reference Material
Handbook

of batteries third edition David Linden,

Thomas B. Reddy 2002

Electrochemical

studies of FeS2 Electrodes in

various molten salts. Simon S. Wang, Randall N.
Seefurth, general motors research laboratories,
Michigan

Support Material

The redox mechanism of FeS2 in non-aqueous electrolytes

for lithium and sodium batteries, Sheng S. Zhang, 2015, US
army research laboratory

Electrochemical verification of the redox mechanism of

FeS2 in a rechargeable lithium battery, Sheng S. Zhang, Dat
T. Tran, 2015, US army research laboratory

Electrochemical characteristics of room temperature

Li/FeS2 batteries with natural pyrite cathode, Jae-Won Choia,
Gouri Cheruvallya, Hyo-Jun Ahnb, Ki-Won Kimb, Jou-Hyeon Ahna,
2006, Gyeonsang National University

Pyrite FeS2 microspheres wrapped by reduced graphene oxide

as high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes Hongtao Xue,abc
Denis Y. W. Yu,ad Jian Qing,ab Xia Yang,ab Jun Xu,ab Zhangpeng Li,ab
Mingliang Sun,ab Wenpei Kang,ab Yongbing Tang*abe and Chun-Sing Lee,
2015, City University of Hong Kong

High-purity iron pyrite (FeS2) nanowires as high-capacity

nanostructured cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Li Li, CabnAcevedo M, Girard SN, Jin S, 2013, University of Wisconsin-Madison

FeS2 microspheres with an ether-based electrolyte for highperformance rechargeable lithium batteries, Zhe Hu,a Kai Zhang,a
Zhiqiang Zhu,a Zhanliang Taoa and Jun Chen, 2015, Nankai University

A Stabilized PAN-FeS2 Cathode with an EC/DEC Liquid Electrolyte

Seoung-Bum Son, Thomas A. Yersak, Daniela Molina Piper, Seul Cham Kim, Chan
Soon Kang, Jong Soo Cho, Soon-Sung Suh, Young-Ugk Kim, Kyu Hwan Oh, Se-Hee
Lee, 2013, Seul National University, University of Colorado at Bounder

A novel FeS2/CNT micro-spherical cathode material with enhanced

electrochemical characteristics for lithium-ion batteries , Ling Liua,
Zhongzhi Yuana, Caixia Qiua, Jincheng Liub, 2013, South China University.

Perfect reversibility of the lithium insertion in FeS2: The combined

effects of all-solid-state and thin film cell configurations V. Pela, b,
c, F. Flamarya, b, c, L. Bourgeoisd, B. Pecquenarda, F. Le Crasb, c, 2014,
University of Bordeaux

FeS2/C composite as an anode for lithium ion batteries

with enhanced reversible capacity, D. Zhanga, Y.J. Maia, J.Y.
Xiangb, X.H. Xiaa, Y.Q. Qiaoa, J.P. Tua, 2012, Zhejiang University

Handbook of battery materials, 2nd Ed. Claus Daniel, Jurgen

O. Besenhard, 2012

Handbook of batteries third edition David Linden, Thomas B.

Reddy 2002

FeS2 microspheres with an ether-based electrolyte for highperformance rechargeable lithium batteries, Nankai University, China
2015
Zhe Hu,a Kai Zhang,a Zhiqiang Zhu,a Zhanliang Taoa and Jun Chen

Performance

Voltage.

On-load voltage
of Li /FeS2 AA-size
cells

Discharge. Li/FeS2 batteries typically have a higher operating

voltage and a flatter discharge profile than aqueous zinc/ alkaline
manganese dioxide 1.5-V batteries.

Operating Temperature. Li/FeS2 batteries are also suitable for

use over a broad temperature range, generally 40 to 60C.